ISSN 1210-2512 (Print)

ISSN 1805-9600 (Online)

Radioengineering

Radioeng

Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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June 2006, Volume 15, Number 2

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T. Dostal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
On Canonical Structures of ARC Biquadratic Filters with Single Transconductor

The paper deals with simple canonical structures of the second order ARC filters employing only single transconductor (OTA) and passive components R and C. A systematic design procedure of this circuits based on the given autonomous networks is described. Several appropriate general autonomous circuits are presented and studied.

  1. CHEN, W.K. The Circuits and Filters Handbook. CRC Press, Florida, 1995.
  2. GEIGER, R. L., SANCHEZ, S. E. Active filter design using operational transconductance amplifiers: a tutorial. IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 1985, vol. 1, p. 20 - 32.
  3. SUN, Y., FIDLER, J. K. Novel OTA-C realizations of biquadratic transfer functions. International Journal of Electronics, 1993, vol. 75, p. 333 -348.
  4. SUN, Y., FIDLER J. K. Current-mode OTA-C realization of arbitrary filter characteristics. Electronics Letters, 1996, vol. 32, no. 13, p. 1181 -1182.
  5. ACAR, C., ANDAY, F., KUNTMAN, H. On the realization of OTA-C filters. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Application, 1993, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 331 - 341.
  6. DOSTAL, T., CAJKA, J., VRBA, K. Design procedure of oscillators and biquads based on current conveyors. In Proc. of 8th WSEAS International Conference on Circuits. Athens, 2004, p. 487-215.
  7. HAJEK, K., SEDLACEK, J. Generalized view on active single amplifier biquads (in Czech). Slaboproudy obzor, 1981, vol. 42, no. 12, p. 583 - 591.

Keywords: Analogue circuits, active RC filters, biquads, transconductors

P. Kutin, M. Kasal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Novel Optimization Method of Active Frequency Multiplier Utilizing Harmonic Terminating Impedances with DGS

A novel method for the optimization of the active frequency multiplier utilizing the harmonic terminating impedances with the defected ground structures (DGS) has been developed. Furthermore, a new type of the low-pass filter with DGS for the higher harmonic suppression will be reported. Experimental conversion gains (14.52 dB for the doubler, 5.56 dB for the tripler and 0.43 dB for the quadrupler) and real power-added efficiency (32.76 % for the doubler, 10.15 % for the tripler and 1.42 % for the quadrupler) have been attained. To our knowledge, in the considered frequency range, these results represent the best performance reported up to date for the active frequency multipliers utilizing the low-cost BJTs.

  1. GOPINATH, A., RANKIN, J. B. Single-gate MESFET frequency doublers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1982, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 869 - 875. ISSN 0018-9480.
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  3. FUDEM, H., NIEHENKE, E. C: Novell millimeter wave active MMIC triplers. In IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Baltimore, 1998, p. 387 - 390.
  4. O'CIARDHA, E., LIDHOLM, S. U., LYONS, B. Generic-device frequency-multiplier analysis-a unified approach. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2000, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1134 - 1141. ISSN 0018-9480.
  5. RAUSCHER, CH. High-frequency doubler operation of GaAs field-effect transistors. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1983, vol. 31, no. 6, p. 462 - 473. ISSN 0018-9480.
  6. CAMARGO, E. Design of FET Frequency Multipliers and Harmonic Oscillators. Norwood: Artech House, 1998. 215 pages. ISBN 0-89006-481-4.
  7. BORG, M., BRANNER, G. R. Novel MIC bipolar frequency doublers having high gain, wide bandwidth and good spectral performance. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1991, vol. 39, no. 12, p. 1936 - 1946. ISSN 0018-9480.
  8. THOMAS, D. G., BRANNER, G. R. Optimization of active microwave frequency multiplier performance utilizing harmonic terminating impedances. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1996, vol. 44, no. 12, p. 2617 - 2624. ISSN 0018-9480.
  9. JOHNSON, J. E., BRANNER, G. R., MIMA, J. P. Design and optimization of large conversion gain active microwave frequency triplers. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2005, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 457 - 459. ISSN 1531-1309.
  10. PARK, J. S. An equivalent circuit and modeling method for defected ground structure and its application to the design of microwave circuits. Microwave Journal. November 2003, p. 1 - 7.
  11. AHN, D., PARK, J. S., KIM, CH. S., KIM, J., QIAN, Y., ITOH, T. A design of the low-pass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2001, vol. 49, no. 1, p. 86 - 93. ISSN 0018-9480.
  12. LIM, J. S., LEE, S. W., KIM, CH. S., PARK, J. S., AHN, D., NAM, S. A 4 : 1 unequal Wilkinson power divider. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2001, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 124 - 126. ISSN 1531-1309.
  13. SUNG, Y. J., AHN, C. S., KIM, Y. S. Size reduction and harmonic suppression of rat-race hybrid coupler using defected ground structure. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2004, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 7 - 9. ISSN 1531-1309.
  14. LIM, J. S., PARK, J. S., LEE, Y. T., AHN, D., NAM, S. Application of defected ground structure in reducing the size of amplifiers. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2002, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 261 - 263. ISSN 1531-1309.
  15. PARK, J. S., JUNG, M. S. A novel defected ground structure for an active device mounting and its application to a microwave oscillator. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2004, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 198 - 200. ISSN 1531-1309.

Keywords: Frequency multiplier, defected ground structure, DGS, harmonic terminating, low-pass filter, optimi-zation

P. Pomenka, Z. Raida [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Methodology of Neural Design: Applications in Microwave Engineering

In the paper, an original methodology for the automatic creation of neural models of microwave structures is proposed and verified. Following the methodology, neural models of the prescribed accuracy are built within the minimum CPU time.
Validity of the proposed methodology is verified by developing neural models of selected microwave structures. Functionality of neural models is verified in a design - a neural model is joined with a genetic algorithm to find a global minimum of a formulated objective function. The objective function is minimized using different versions of genetic algorithms, and their mutual combinations.
The verified methodology of the automated creation of accurate neural models of microwave structures, and their association with global optimization routines are the most important original features of the paper.

  1. CERNOHORSKY, D. et al. Analysis and Optimization of Microwave Structures (Analyza a optimalizace mikrovlnnych struktur). Brno: VUTIUM Publishing, 1999.
  2. RAIDA, Z. et al. Time Domain Analysis of Microwave Structures (Analyza mikrovlnnych struktur v casove oblasti). Brno: VUTIUM Publishing, 2003.
  3. RAIDA, Z. Modeling EM structures in neural network toolbox of Matlab. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2002, vol. 44, no. 6, p. 46-67.
  4. RAIDA, Z. Broadband design of planar transmission lines: feed-forward neural approach versus recurrent one. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications ICEAA 2003. Torino: Polytecnico di Torino, 2003, p. 155 to 158.
  5. RAIDA, Z. Wideband neural modeling of wire antennas: feed-forward neural networks versus recurrent ones. In Proceedings of the Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2003. Honolulu (Hawaii): The Electromagnetics Academy, 2003, p. 717.
  6. RAIDA, Z., LUKES, Z., OTEVREL, V. Modeling broadband microwave structures by artificial neural networks. Radioengineering, 2004, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 3-11.
  7. GOLDBERG, D. E. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and MachineLearning. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989.
  8. HAUPT, R. L., HAUPT, S. E. Practical Genetic Algorithms. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
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  10. SAGIROGLU, S., GUNEY, K. Calculation of resonant frequency for an equilateral triangular microstrip antenna with the use of artificial neural networks. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 1997, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 89-93.
  11. BANDLER, J. W., ISMAIL, M. A., RAYAS-SANCHEZ, J. E., ZHANG, Q. J. Neuromodeling of microwave circuits exploiting space-mapping technology. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1999, vol. 47, no. 12, p. 2417-2427.
  12. WANG, S., WANG, F., DEVABHAKTUNI, V. K., ZHANG, Q.-J. A hybrid neural and circuit-based model structure for microwave modeling. In Proceedings of the 29th European Microwave Conference. Munich (Germany): European Microwave Association, 1999, p. 174 to 177.
  13. PATNIAK, A., PATRO, G. K., MISHRA, R. K., DASH, S. K. Effective dielectric constant of microstrip line using neural network. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference. New Delhi (India): Asian-Pacific Microwave Association, 1996, p. 955-957.
  14. POMENKA, P. Global Optimization of Microwave Structures. (Globalni optimalizace mikrovlnnych struktur). Dissertation Thesis. Brno, Brno University of Technology, 2006.
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  16. HAYKIN, S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation: Englewood Cliffs: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994.
  17. CHRISTODOULOU, C., GEORGIOPOULOS, M. Applications of Neural Networks in Electromagnetics. Norwood: Artech House, 2000.
  18. DEMUTH, H., BEALE, M., Neural Network Toolbox for Use with Matlab: User's Guide. Version 4. Natick: The MathWorks Inc., 2000.

Keywords: Artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, metho-dology of developing neural models Bayesian regula-rization, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

P. Hazdra, M. Mazanek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
L-System Tool for Generating Fractal Antenna Structures with Ability to Export into EM Simulators

An L-System (Lindenmayer system) is a scheme primarily developed in the area of the computer science for simulating the development of biological structures. It has also been found very useful for generating the geometry of various fractal antennas. A Matlab environment has been used for both implementing an in-plane L-systems algorithm and for creating appropriate files for widely used EM simulators like the IE3D and the CST Microwave Studio. Finally, the performance of the developed script is demonstrated on two fractal microstrip patch antennas.

  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system
  2. PEITGEN, O., JURGENS, H., SAUPE, D. Chaos and Fractals, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. 2004.
  3. BAHL, I., GBARTIA, P., GARG, R., ITTIPIBOON, A. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House, 2001
  4. HAZDRA, P., MAZANEK, M. On the modal analysis of fractal microstrip patch antennas. In Radioelektronika 2004 Conference Proceedings. Bratislava: STU Bratislava, 2004.
  5. HAZDRA, P., MAZANEK, M. The miniature fractal patch antenna. In Radioelektronika 2005 Conference Proceedings. Brno: Brno University of Technology, 2005, p. 207-210. ISBN 80-214-2904-6.

Keywords: Fractal antennas, fractals, L-Systems, EM simulation, microstrip patch antennas

E. D. L. H. Palmero, Z. Raida, R. L. Ruiz [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Quad-Band U-Slot Antenna for Mobile Applications

In this paper, two different planar quad-band antennas are designed, modeled, fabricated and measured. Subsequently, the antennas are redesigned using an electromagnetic band gap substrate (EBG). Those new planar antennas operate in four frequency bands: 900 MHz, 1 800 MHz (both GSM), 1 900 MHz (USA) and 2 400 to 2 500 MHz (Bluetooth) The antenna has four narrow U-shaped slots etched to the patch. Using software, CST Microwave Studio [1], Zeland IE3D [2], and FEMLAB [3], simulations have been carried out to investigate the antenna\'s performance and characteristics. The antennas designed have been also built and measured to compare the real results with those obtained from the simulations.

  1. CST Reference Manual. Darmstadt: Computer Simulation Technology, 2005.
  2. Zeland IE3D Reference Manual. Fremont: 2005.
  3. FEMLAB Reference Manual. Stockholm: COMSOL, 2005.
  4. SAINATI, R. A. CAD of Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications. Norwood: Artech House, 1996.
  5. GARG, B., BAHL, I. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Norwood: Artech House, 2001.
  6. GONZALO, R., NAGORE, G. Simulated and measured performance of a patch antenna on a two dimensional photonic crystals substrate. In Proceedings of the Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2002. The Electromagnetics Academy, 2002, p. 257-269.
  7. BOUTAYEB, H., DENIDNI, T. A., MAHDJOUBI, K, TAROT, A. C., SEBAK, A. R., TALBI, L. Analysis and design of cylindrical EBG-based directive antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2006, vol. 54, no. 1, p. 211-219.
  8. ABEDIN, M. F., ALI, M. Effects of EBG reflection phase profiles on the input impedance and bandwidth of ultra-thin directional dipoles. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 11, p. 3664-3672.
  9. LLOMBART, N., NETO, A., GERINI, G., DE MAAGT, P. Planar circularly symmetric EBG structures for reducing surface waves in printed antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 10, p. 3210-3218.
  10. CHEYPE, C., SERIER, C., THEVENOT, M., MONEDIERE, T., REINEX, A., JECKO, B. An electromagnetic bandgap resonator antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2002, vol. 50, no. 9, p. 1285-1290.
  11. FAN, Y., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Microstrip antennas integrated with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures: a low mutual coupling design for array applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2003, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 2936-2946.
  12. FAN, Y., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Reflection phase characterizations of the EBG ground plane for low profile wire antenna applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2003, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 2691-2703.
  13. DE MAAGT, P., GONZALO, R., VARDAXOGLOU, Y. C., BARACCO, J. M. Electromagnetic bandgap antennas and components for microwave and (sub) millimeter wave applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2003, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 2667 to 2677.
  14. CHAPPELL, W. J., GONG, X. Wide bandgap composite EBG substrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2003, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 2744-2750.
  15. LEE, Y. J., YEO, J., MITTRA, R., PARK, W. S. Application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) superstrates with controllable defects for a class of patch antennas as spatial angular filters. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 224-235.

Keywords: Multi-band planar antennas, perturbation slots, modal analysis, full-wave analysis, GSM, Bluetooth. EBG substrates

J. Pavlovicova, M. Oravec, J. Polec, M. Kelesi, M. Mokos [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Error Concealment using Neural Networks for Block-Based Image Coding

In this paper, a novel adaptive error concealment (EC) algorithm, which lowers the requirements for channel coding, is proposed. It conceals errors in block-based image coding systems by using neural network. In this proposed algorithm, only the intra-frame information is used for reconstruction of the image with separated damaged blocks. The information of pixels surrounding a damaged block is used to recover the errors using the neural network models. Computer simulation results show that the visual quality and the MSE evaluation of a reconstructed image are significantly improved using the proposed EC algorithm. We propose also a simple non-neural approach for comparison.

  1. CHEN, D. R., CHANG, R. F., HUANG, Y. L. Computer-aided diagnosis applied to US of solid breast nodules using neural networks. Radiology, 1999; 213 p. 407-412.
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  8. HIROSE, Y., YAMASHITA, K., HIJIVA, S. Back-propagation algorithm which varies the number of hidden units. Neural Networks, 1991; no. 4, p. 61-66.
  9. WANG. Y., ZHU, Q. F.. Error control and concealment for video communication. A review. Proc IEEE, 1998; 86(5), p. 974-997.
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  12. HUANG, Y. L., CHANG R. F. Error concealment using adaptive multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) for block-based image coding. Neural Computing & Applications, 9, 2000, p. 83-92.
  13. VARGIC, R. Wavelet-based compression of segmented images. In Proceedings EC-VIP-MC 2003, Zagreb (Croatia), 2003, p. 347-351.
  14. KOTULIAKOVA, K., TOTH, N., BREZINA, A. Throughput analysis of hybrid ARQ schemes using BCH codes. In 5th EURASIP Conf. on Speech and Image Proc., Slovakia. 2005, ISBN 80-227-2257-X, p. 81-86.

Keywords: Block-based image coding, error concealment, image restoration multilayer perceptron, radial basis function network, mobile radio channels

J. Mihalik, V. Michalcin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
3D Motion Estimation of Human Head by Using Optical Flow

The paper deals with the new algorithm of estimation of large 3D motion of the human head by using the optical flow and the model Candide. In the algorithm prediction of 3D motion parameters in a feedback loop and with multiple iterations was applied. The prediction of 3D motion parameters does not require creating of the synthesized frames but directly uses the frames of input videosequence. Next the algorithm does not need extracting of feature points inside the frames because they are given by the vertices of the used calibrated model Candide. As achieved experimental results show, the iteration process in prediction of 3D motion parameters increased the accuracy of estimation above all the large 3D motion. Such a way the estimation error is decreased without its accumulation in long videosequence. Finally the experimental results show that for 3 iterations a state of saturation was achieved what means that by next increasing of the number of iterations practically no significant increasing of the accuracy of estimation of 3D motion parameters is occurred.

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  13. MIHALIK, J., MICHALCIN, V.: 3D motion estimation and texturing of human head model. Radioengineering, vol. 13, no. 1, 2004, ISSN 1210-2512, p. 26-31.
  14. AHLBERG, J. Candide-3: An Updated Parameterised Face. Rep. No. LiTH-ISY-R-2326, January 2001.
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Keywords: Optical flow, 3D motion, estimation, prediction, modeling, human head, algorithm

Z. Smekal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Difference Equations with Forward and Backward Differences and Their Usage in Digital Signal Processor Algorithms

In the paper the relation is given between linear difference equations with constant coefficients those obtained via the application of forward and backward differences. Relation is also established between input-output difference equations and state-space difference equations, which define the state of inner quantities of a discrete system. In conclusion, the state-space representation of a discrete system is given, which is suitable for implementing a discrete system in the microprocessor and digital signal processor. The resultant solution consists of the response to input signal and the response to non-zero initial conditions.

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  14. DIBLIK, J., SMEKAL, Z. About solution of difference equation of y(n+2)-1,25y(n+1) + 0,78125y(n) = x(n+2)-x(n). Elektrorevue - Internet journal (http://www.elektrorevue.cz), ISSN 1213-1539, 2005, no. 1, p.1-14. (In Czech)

Keywords: Forward and backward differences, difference equations, digital signal processor algorithms

I. Baronak, P. Kvackaj [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Statistical CAC Methods in ATM

Admission control is a very useful tool for a network operator. It enables effective link utilization with QoS guaranty. Without doubts, CAC function will be important part in evolution of next generation networks. The question, how to choose suitable CAC method as admission control, is crucial for effective exploitation of CAC function. In this paper, we compare three statistical CAC methods providing their suitability as control for specific traffic: Method of Effective Bandwidth, Diffusion Approximation Method and Gaussian Approximation Method.

  1. BARONAK, I., KAJAN, R. Quality of ATM services and CAC methods. FEI Dept. of Telecommun., Bratislava, 1999 (in Slovak).
  2. KVACKAJ, P. CaC methods for traffic control used in ATM. Dipl. work. FEI Dept. of Telecommun., Bratislava, 2004 (in Slovak).
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Keywords: Connection Admission Control, Method of Effective Bandwidth, Diffusion Approximation Method, Gaussian Approximation Method