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Radioengineering

Radioeng

Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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April 2014, Volume 23, Number 1

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P. Lei, X. Huang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Robust Detection of Moving Human Target in Foliage-Penetration Environment Based on Hough Transform

Attention has been focused on the robust moving human target detection in foliage-penetration environment, which presents a formidable task in a radar system because foliage is a rich scattering environment with complex multipath propagation and time-varying clutter. Generally, multiple-bounce returns and clutter are additionally superposed to direct-scatter echoes. They obscure true target echo and lead to poor visual quality time-range image, making target detection particular difficult. Consequently, an innovative approach is proposed to suppress clutter and mitigate multipath effects. In particular, a clutter suppression technique based on range alignment is firstly applied to suppress the time-varying clutter and the instable antenna coupling. Then entropy weighted coherent integration (EWCI) algorithm is adopted to mitigate the multipath effects. In consequence, the proposed method effectively reduces the clutter and ghosting artifacts considerably. Based on the high visual quality image, the target trajectory is detected robustly and the radial velocity is estimated accurately with the Hough transform (HT). Real data used in the experimental results are provided to verify the proposed method.

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  14. HU, J., ZHU, G. F., JIN, T., ZHOU, Z. M. Adaptive through-wall indication of human target with different motions. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2014, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 911 - 915.
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Keywords: Bistatic LFMCW ground radar, foliage-penetration, human target detection, Hough transform, multipath mitigation, time-varying clutter suppression.

M. ANDRIĆ, D. BUJAKOVIĆ, B. BONDZULIĆ, S. SIMIĆ, B. ZRNIĆ [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Radar Doppler Signature from Human Data

This paper presents the results of time (autocorrelation) and time-frequency (spectrogram) analyses of radar signals returned from the moving human targets. When a radar signal falls on the human target which is moving toward or away from the radar, the signals reflected from different parts of his body produce a Doppler shift that is proportional to the velocity of those parts. Moving parts of the body causes the characteristic Doppler signature. The main contribution comes from the torso which causes the central Doppler frequency of target. The motion of arms and legs induces modulation on the returned radar signal and generates sidebands around the central Doppler frequency, referred to as micro-Doppler signatures. Through analyses on experimental data it was demonstrated that the human motion signature extraction is better using spectrogram. While the central Doppler frequency can be determined using the autocorrelation and the spectrogram, the extraction of the fundamental cadence frequency using the autocorrelation is unreliable when the target is in the clutter presence. It was shown that the fundamental cadence frequency increases with increasing dynamic movement of people and simultaneously the possibility of its extraction is proportional to the degree of synchronization movements of persons in the group.

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Keywords: Human gait, Doppler signature, cadence frequency, spectrogram, autocorrelation.

G. Zhu, J. Hu, T. Jin, Z. Zhou [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Effect and Compensation of Timing Jitter in Through-Wall Human Indication via Impulse Through-Wall Radar

Impulse through-wall radar (TWR) is considered as one of preferred choices for through-wall human indication due to its good penetration and high range resolution. Large bandwidth available for impulse TWR results in high range resolution, but also brings an atypical adversity issue not substantial in narrowband radars — high timing jitter effect, caused by the non-ideal sampling clock at the receiver. The fact that impulse TWR employs very narrow pulses makes little jitter inaccuracy large enough to destroy the signal correlation property and then degrade clutter suppression performance. In this paper, we focus on the timing jitter impact on clutter suppression in through-wall human indication via impulse TWR. We setup a simple timing jitter model and propose a criterion namely average range profile (ARP) contrast is to evaluate the jitter level. To combat timing jitter, we also develop an effective compensation method based on local ARP contrast maximization. The proposed method can be implemented pulse by pulse followed by exponential average background subtraction algorithm to mitigate clutters. Through-wall experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can dramatically improve through-wall human indication performance.

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  18. HU, J., ZHU, G., JIN, T., WANG, L., ZHOU, Z. Study on timing jitter in clutter mitigation of through-wall human indication. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Sydney (Australia), 2013, p. 211 - 214.
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Keywords: Through-wall radar, human target indication, clutter suppression, timing jitter, average range profile, local contrast maximization

S. Rzewuski, M. Wielgo, K. Klincewicz, Ł. Podkalicki, K. Kulpa, M. Malanowski [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Multistatic Wireless Fidelity Network Based Radar – Results of the Chrcynno Experiment

This paper presents the theory and experimental result of passive radar using WIFI transmitters as illuminators of opportunity. As a result of experiments conducted on 17th August 2013 at airfield Chrcynno a Cessna C208 airplane was detected and tracked using multistatic passive radar system based on low power signal from WIFI network nodes, which were acting as non cooperative illuminators of opportunity. In the experiment 3 wireless access points were communicating with each other and illuminating the radar scene (airfield). The direct reference and reflected (surveillance) signals have been acquired and processed using specially developed algorithm presented in the paper. After signal processing using Passive Coherent Location methods target has been detected. This paper describes in details the algorithms and the results of the experiment for the multistatic passive radar based on the WIFI signal.

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Keywords: Passive radar systems, passive coherent location, passive bistatic radar, multistatic passive radio location, noise radars, WIFI signal decoding, frame detection, processing signal from wireless networks.

M. Radmard, M. M. Nayebi, S. M. Karbasi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Diversity-Based Geometry Optimization in MIMO Passive Coherent Location

Applying the recently emerged technique‎, ‎MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) to PCL (Passive Coherent‎ ‎Location) is expected to improve performance of localization schemes‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we explore the‎ ‎application of MIMO technology to PCL schemes and see how it improves the spatial diversity of such systems‎. ‎Specifically‎, ‎we use the DVB-T stations as the‎ ‎illuminators of opportunity in the simulations‎, ‎mainly because of their unique features which‎ ‎make them quite suitable for both MIMO and PCL application as will be demonstrated in this‎ ‎paper‎. ‎In addition‎, ‎we address the key problem of finding optimum locations for placement of receive antennas‎.

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Keywords: MIMO‎, ‎passive coherent location‎, ‎spatial diversity‎, ‎illuminator of opportunity‎, ‎DVB-T

M. S. Shbat, V. P. Tuzlukov [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Evaluation of Detection Performance under Employment of the Generalized Detector in Radar Sensor Systems

The detection performance of the generalized detector (GD) constructed based on the generalized approach to signal processing in noise is evaluated under homogeneous and non-homogeneous noise. The GD adaptive threshold is derived and defined applying an appropriate noise power estimation using the sliding window technique. The direct close expressions for the GD average probability of detection and probability of false alarm are also derived. Typical constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors, namely, the cell averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) detector, the ordered statistic CFAR (OS-CFAR) detector, the generalized censored mean level (GCML) detector, and the adaptive censored greatest-of CFAR (ACGO-CFAR) detector are compared with the GD by detection performance under both homogenous and non-homogeneous noise conditions, i.e. when the interfering targets are absent or present, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate a superiority of GD in detection performance in comparison with the above mentioned CFAR detectors under both homogeneous and non-homogeneous noise conditions.

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Keywords: Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector, generalized detector, homogeneous noise, non-homogeneous noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), detection performance, adaptive detection threshold

D. Ivković, M. Andrić, B. Zrnić [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
False Alarm Analysis of the CATM-CFAR in Presence of Clutter Edge

This paper presents a false alarm analysis of the cell-averaging-trimmed-mean constant false alarm rate (CATM-CFAR) detector in the presence of clutter edge. Structure of the CATM-CFAR detector is described briefly. Detection curves for optimal, CATM, cell-averaging (CA), trimmed-mean (TM) and ordered-statistic (OS) CFAR detectors has been analyzed and compared for desired probability of false alarm and determined size of the reference window. False alarm analysis of the CATM-CFAR in case of clutter with constant clutter-to-noise ratio has been conducted. Also, comparative false alarm analysis of CATM and some of well known CFAR detectors is carried out and results are presented.

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  6. ZAIMBASHI, A., TABAN, M. R., NAYEBI, M. M., NOROUZI, Y. Weighted order statistic and fuzzy rules CFAR detector for Weibull clutter. Signal Processing, 2008, vol. 88, p. 558–570.
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  8. IVKOVIĆ, D., ANDRIĆ, M., ZRNIĆ, B. A new model of CFAR detector. Frequenz - Journal of RF-Engineering and Telecommunications, DOI 10.1515/freq-2013-0087, Jan. 2014.

Keywords: CFAR detection, false alarm rate, clutter edge

S.Simić, M.Andrić, B.Zrnić [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An FPGA Based Implementation of a CFAR Processor Applied to a Pulse-Compression Radar System

A hardware architecture that implements a CFAR processor including six variants of the CFAR algorithm based on linear and nonlinear operations for radar applications is presented. Since some implemented CFAR algorithms require sorting the input samples, the two sorting solutions are investigated. The first one is iterative, and it is suitable when incoming data clock is several times less than sorting clock. The second sorter is very fast by exploiting a high degree of parallelism. The architecture is on-line reconfigurable both in terms of CFAR method and in terms of the number of reference and guard cells. The architecture was developed for coherent radar with pulse compression. Besides dealing with surface clutter and multiple target situations, such radar detector is often faced with high side-lobes at the compression filter output when strong target presents in his sight. The results of implementing the architecture on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are presented and discussed.

  1. SKOLNIK, M. I. Introduction to Radar Systems. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
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  15. IVKOVIĆ, D., ANDRIĆ, M., ZRNIĆ, B. A new model of CFAR detector. Frequenz (accepted for publication Oct. 24, 2013.) [Online] Cited 2014-01-31. DOI: 10.1515/freq-2013-0087
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  24. MARTINEZ, J., CUMPLIDO, R., FEREGRINO, C. An FPGAbased parallel sorting architecture for the Burrows Wheeler transform. In Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs, ReConFig 2005. Puebla City (Mexico), Sept. 2005. DOI: 10.1109/RECONFIG.2005.9
  25. SIMIĆ, S., ZEJAK, A. J., GOLUBICIĆ, Z. Range sidelobe reduction in the portable battlefield surveillance radar. In Proc. of the 10th Internat. Conf. on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services. Nis (Serbia), 2011, p. 571–574.
  26. GOLUBICIĆ, Z., SIMIĆ, S., ZEJAK, A. J. Design and FPGA implementation of digital pulse compression for band-pass radar signals. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2013, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 191–195.
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Keywords: CFAR, FPGA, pulse compression, radar, self-clutter

A. Mandal, R. Mishra [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Adaptive Clutter Suppression Technique for Moving Target Detector in Pulse Doppler Radar

An adaptive system performs the processing by using an architecture having time-varying parameters on the received signals which accompanies with clutters. In this paper, an adaptive moving target detector has been designed to meet the challenges of target detection amidst various levels of clutter environments. The approach has been used that is able to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional systems (e.g. Moving Target Indicator, Fast Fourier Transform etc.) having predefined coefficients. In this purpose an optimal design of transversal filter is being proposed along with various weight selection Maps to improve probability of detection in ground based surveillance radar. A modified LMS algorithm based adaptive FIR filter has been implemented utilizing modular CORDIC unit as a main processing element for filtering as well as weight updatation to suppress clutter of various intensity. Extensive MATLAB simulations have been done using various levels of clutter input to show the effectiveness of adaptive moving target detector (AMTD).

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  18. PEREZ-ANDRADE, R., CUMPLIDO, R., FEREGRINO-URIBE, C., DEL CAMPO, F. M. A versatile hardware architecture for a constant false alarm rate processor based on a linear insertion sorter. Digital Signal Processing, 2010, vol. 20, no. 6, p. 1733 to 1747.
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Keywords: Adaptive MTD, transversal filter, signal-to-clutter ratio, LMS algorithm, WSM, CORDIC.

S. Tuğaç, M. Efe [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Continuous Wavelet Transform and Hidden Markov Model Based Target Detection

Standard tracking filters perform target detection process by comparing the sensor output signal with a predefined threshold. However, selecting the detection threshold is of great importance and a wrongly selected threshold causes two major problems. The first problem occurs when the selected threshold is too low which results in increased false alarm rate. The second problem arises when the selected threshold is too high resulting in missed detection. Track-before-detect (TBD) techniques eliminate the need for a detection threshold and provide detecting and tracking targets with lower signal-to-noise ratios than standard methods. Although TBD techniques eliminate the need for detection threshold at sensor’s signal processing stage, they often use tuning thresholds at the output of the filtering stage. This paper presents a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based target detection method for employing with TBD techniques which does not employ any thresholding.

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Keywords: HMM, target detection, track-before-detect, continuous wavelet transform, sea clutter

Z. W. ZONG, L. F. SHI, Y. Z. LI, X. S. WANG [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Detection-Discrimination Method for Multiple Repeater False Targets Based on Radar Polarization Echoes

Multiple repeat false targets (RFTs), created by the digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) system of jammer, are widely used in practical to effectively exhaust the limited tracking and discrimination resource of defence radar. In this paper, common characteristic of radar polarization echoes of multiple RFTs is used for target recognition. Based on the echoes from two receiving polarization channels, the instantaneous polarization radio (IPR) is defined and its variance is derived by employing Taylor series expansion. A detection-discrimination method is designed based on probability grids. By using the data from microwave anechoic chamber, the detection threshold of the method is confirmed. Theoretical analysis and simulations indicate that the method is valid and feasible. Furthermore, the estimation performance of IPRs of RFTs due to the influence of signal noise ratio (SNR) is also covered.

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Keywords: Multiple repeat false targets, DRFM, jammer, target discrimination, polarization, radar.

G. Soysal, M. Efe, R. L. Streit [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Utilization of OIM for Measurement Selection in Multistatic Target Tracking

The sensor management problem can be expressed as obtaining the state estimation with desired accuracy by utilizing the resources effectively. In the literature, there are two principal approaches to this problem, namely task-driven and information driven sensor management. Performance metrics for both task-driven and information driven sensor management frameworks suffer from the heavy computational burden due to the evaluation of expectations or are available only in simulation. In this paper, the Observed Information Matrix (OIM), which is widely used in statistical practice as a surrogate for the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) in difficult problems, has been proposed as a metric that can be used in sensor management. Recursive computation of OIM has been derived for the cases with linear and nonlinear system dynamics corrupted with additive Gaussian noise. The usefulness of OIM in sensor selection in multistatic target tracking has been demonstrated via simulations.

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Keywords: Sensor management, observed information matrix, multistatic sensor networks, particle filter

A. Ajorloo, M. Hadavi, M. H. Bastani, M. M. Nayebi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Radar HRRP Modeling using Dynamic System for Radar Target Recognition

High resolution range profile (HRRP) is being known as one of the most powerful tools for radar target recognition. The main problem with range profile for radar target recognition is its sensitivity to aspect angle. To overcome this problem, consecutive samples of HRRP were assumed to be identically independently distributed (IID) in small frames of aspect angles in most of the related works. Here, considering the physical circumstances of maneuver of an aerial target, we have proposed dynamic system which models the short dependency between consecutive samples of HRRP in segments of the whole HRRP sequence. Dynamic system (DS) is used to model the sequence of PCA (principal component analysis) coefficients extracted from the sequence of HRRPs. Considering this we have proposed a model called PCA+DS. We have also proposed a segmentation algorithm which segments the HRRP sequence reliably. Akaike information criterion (AIC) used to evaluate the quality of data modeling showed that our PCA+DS model outperforms factor analysis (FA) model. In addition, target recognition results using simulated data showed that our method based on PCA+DS achieves better recognition rates compared to the method based on FA.

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Keywords: Radar Target Recognition, High Resolution Range Profile (HRRP), Dynamic System, PCA Coefficients, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC).

J. S. Kulpa [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Channel Influence Mitigation in Pseudo-noise Waveform Design for Radar Applications

Noise Radar is a rapidly developing technology which uses noise or pseudo-noise waveforms as sounding signals to de- tect targets of interest. The advantages of such waveforms are no range nor velocity ambiguities, the possibility of using continuous waveform and low probability of intercept. However, the noise waveform correlation sidelobes are spread across the entire range–Doppler plane and their level is de- termined by the time-bandwidth product. Such sidelobes limit the detection capability in the multitarget environment. Several algorithms exist that decrease the sidelobe level and thus enhance dynamic range of the radar, but they are very susceptible to distortions in an analogue channel. In this paper the author presents a method to create low-sidelobe waveforms using a filtering algorithm designed for given channel, decreasing the analogue front-end impact on the final properties of the waveforms.

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Keywords: Noise radars, random signal radar, zero correlation zone, waveform design, channel calibration

F. Guneş, S. Demirel, P. Mahouti [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design of a Front– End Amplifier for the Maximum Power Delivery and Required Noise by HBMO with Support Vector Microstrip Model

Honey Bee Mating Optimization (HBMO) is a recent swarm-based optimization algorithm to solve highly nonlinear problems, whose based approach combines the powers of simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and an effective local search heuristic to search for the best possible solution to the problem under investigation within a reasonable computing time. In this work, the HBMO- based design is carried out for a front-end amplifier subject to be a subunit of a radar system in conjunction with a cost effective 3-D SONNET-based Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM) microstrip model. All the matching microstrip widths, lengths are obtained on a chosen substrate to satisfy the maximum power delivery and the required noise over the required bandwidth of a selected transistor. The proposed HBMO- based design is applied to the design of a typical ultra-wide-band low noise amplifier with NE3512S02 on a substrate of Rogers 4350 for the maximum output power and the noise figure F(f)=1dB within the 5-12 GHz using the T- type of microstrip matching circuits. Furthermore, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed HBMO based design are manifested by comparing it with the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the simple HBMO based designs.

  1. DEMIREL, S. A generalized procedure for design of microwave amplifiers and its applications. PhD Thesis (in Turkish). Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2009.
  2. DEMIREL, S., GUNEŞ, F. Performance characterization of a microwave transistor for maximum output power and the required noise. IET Circuits Devices Syst, 2013, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 9–20.
  3. HADDAD, O. B., AFSHAR, A., MARINO, M. A. Honey-Bees Mating Optimization (HBMO) algorithm: A new heuristic approach for water resources optimization. Water Resources Management, 2006, vol. 20, p. 661–680.
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  5. FATHIAN, M., AMIRI, B., MAROOSI, A. Application of Honey- Bee Mating Optimization algorithm on clustering. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2007, vol. 190, p.1502–13.
  6. NIKNAM, T. Application of Honey Bee Mating Optimization on distribution state estimation including distributed generators. J. Zhejiang University SCIENCE A, 2008, vol. 9, p.1753–1764.
  7. VAPNIK, V. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. New York: Springer – Verlag, 1995.
  8. KESKIN, A. K. Design optimization of ultra wide band microstrip amplifier using 3-D Sonnet-based SVRM with particle swarm intelligence. MSc Thesis. Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2012.
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  12. GUNEŞ, F., ÇETINER, B. A. A Novel Smith chart formulation of performance characterization for a microwave transistor. IEE Proceedings -Circuits Devices and Systems, 1998, vol. 145, no. 6, p. 419–428.
  13. GUNEŞ, F., OZKAYA, U., DEMIREL, S. Particle swarm intelligence applied to determination of the feasible design target for a low–noise amplifier. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2009, vol. 51, p. 1214–1218.
  14. MAHOUTI, P., GUNEŞ, F., DEMIREL, S. Honey–Bees Mating Algorithm applied to feasible design target space for a wide–band front–end amplifier. In ICUWB 2012- IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Syracuse (NY), 2012, p. 251 – 255, DOI: 10.1109/ICUWB.2012.6340411.
  15. GUNEŞ, F., TURKER, N., GURGEN, F. Signal-noise support vector model of a microwave transistor. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 404–415.
  16. GUNEŞ, F., TORPI, H., GURGEN, F. A multidimensional signalnoise neural network model for microwave transistors. IEE Proceedings-Circuits Devices and Systems, 1998, vol. 145, no. 2, p. 111–117.
  17. DEMIREL, S., GUNEŞ, F., TORPI, H. Particle swarm intelligence use in feasible design target space of a microwave transistor for a wide-band output-stage requirements. In ICUWB- 2012 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Syracuse (NY), 2012, p. 246-250, DOI: 10.1109/ICUWB.2012. 6340403.
  18. GUNEŞ, F., KESKIN, A. K., DEMIREL, S. Genetic Algorithm applied to microstrip implementation of matching circuits for a UWB low-noise amplifier. In IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Syracuse (NY), 2012, p. 241 – 245, DOI: 10.1109/ICUWB.2012.6340406.
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Keywords: Honey Bee Mating, Low Noise Amplifier, microstrip, optimization, matching circuit, SVRM

F. GUNEŞ, S. DEMİREL, S. NESİL [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Novel Design Approach to X-Band Minkowski Reflectarray Antennas using the Full-Wave EM Simulation-based Complete Neural Model with a Hybrid GA-NM Algorithm

In this work, a novel multi-objective design optimization procedure is presented for the Minkowski Reflectarray RAs using a complete 3-D CST Microwave Studio MWS-based Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network MLP NN model including the substrate constant εr with a hybrid Genetic GA and Nelder-Mead NM algorithm. The MLP NN model provides an accurate and fast model and establishes the reflection phase of a unit Minkowski RA element as a continuous function within the input domain including the substrate 1 ≤ εr ≤ 6; 0.5mm ≤ h ≤ 3mm in the frequency between 8GHz ≤ f ≤ 12GHz. This design procedure enables a designer to obtain not only the most optimum Minkowski RA design all throughout the X- band, at the same time the optimum Minkowski RAs on the selected substrates. Moreover a design of a fully optimized X-band 15×15 Minkowski RA antenna is given as a worked example with together the tolerance analysis and its performance is also compared with those of the optimized RAs on the selected traditional substrates. Finally it may be concluded that the presented robust and systematic multi-objective design procedure is conveniently applied to the Microstrip Reflectarray RAs constructed from the advanced patches.

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  7. ZUBIR, F., RAHIM, M. K. A., AYOP, O., WAHID, A., MAJID, H. A. Design and analysis of microstrip reflectarray antenna with Minkowski shape radiating element. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, vol. 24, p. 317–331.
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  11. CENGIZ, Y., KILIÇ, U. Memetic optimization algorithm applied to design microwave amplifier for the specific gain value constrained by the minimum noise over the available bandwidth. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2010, vol. 20, p. 546–556.
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Keywords: Genetic and Nelder–Mead Algorithms, Minkowski, Multilayered Perceptron Neural Network (MLP), optimization, tolerance analysis, reflectarray antenna.

F. Machado, E. Vilar, F. P. Fontan, V. Pastoriza, P. Mariño [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Easy-to-Build Satellite Beacon Receiver for Propagation Experimentation at Millimeter Bands

This paper describes the design and development of a digital satellite beacon receiver for propagation experimentation. Satellite beacons are frequently available for pointing large antennas, but such signals can be used for measuring rain attenuation and other phenomena as, for example, tropospheric scintillation. A fairly inexpensive beacon receiver has been built using off-the-shelf parts. This instrument is not at all bulky making it suitable for easy transportation. This article analyzes the receiver specifications, describes in detail its structure and presents some operational test results.

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Keywords: Satellite beacon receiver, Software Defined Radio, scintillation, rain fade, vegetation attenuation.

H. Aliakbarian, E. Van der Westhuizen, R. Wiid, V. Volskiy, R. Wolhuter, G. A. E. Vandenbosch [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Efficient Beam Steerable Antenna Array Concept for Airborne Applications

Deployment of a satellite borne, steerable antenna array with higher directivity and gain in Low Earth Orbit makes sense to reduce ground station complexity and cost, while still maintaining a reasonable link budget. The implementation comprises a digitally beam steerable phased array antenna integrated with a complete system, comprising the antenna, hosting platform, ground station, and aircraft based satellite emulator to facilitate convenient aircraft based testing of the antenna array and ground-space communication link. This paper describes the design, development and initial successful interim testing of the various subsystems. A two element prototype used in this increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3 dB which is corresponding to more than 10 times better bit error rate (BER).

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Keywords: Space deployed phased array antenna, beam steering, DSP software defined radio modem, embedded FPGA channel coding

M. Khalily, M. R. Kamarudin, M. Mokayef, Sh. Danesh, S. E. A. Ghahferokhi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A New Wideband Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna

A wideband and compact circularly polarized (CP) C-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented. The proposed C-shaped DR is excited by a simple stripe line connected to a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding line. The C-shaped DRA is circularly polarized with 19% axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. It is found that the CP bandwidth can be expanded by using a narrow short circuit strip. The final design achieves CP with 50% AR bandwidth. The proposed circularly polarized DRA (CPDRA) with good radiation characteristics offers an impedance bandwidth of 58% between 3.45 and 6.26 GHz for VSWR ≤ 2. The proposed DRA is fabricated and tested. Very good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained.

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  8. PERRON, A., DENIDNI, T., SEBAK, A. R. Circularly polarized microstrip/elliptical dielectric ring resonator antenna for millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 2010, vol. 9, p. 783-786.
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Keywords: Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA), Circularly Polarized (CP), Axial Ratio (AR) bandwidth, Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-fed.

Junseok Lim, Heesuk Pang, Wooyoung Hong [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) Based Correlated Interference Canceller for Small Aperture Array Antenna

The multipath effect creates a highly correlated interference. Subsequently, small aperture array antennas equipped in mobile devices must be able to effectively cancel this coherent interference. Spatial smoothing MMSE is a typical coherent interference cancellation algorithm; however, this method further reduces the small aperture size and reduces the number of coherent interferences to cancel out. This paper proposes a new method to reject coherent interferences without a reduction in the antenna aperture size. We show the superiority of the proposed algorithm through a comparison of cancellation performance with existing adaptive beamforming algorithms.

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Keywords: Coherent interference cancellation, mall aperture array antenna, ELM, MMSE, spatial smoothing

V. Sharma, M. M. Sharma [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Dual Band Circularly Polarized Modified Rectangular Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication

A dual band circularly polarized single-feed microstrip antenna for wireless communication systems is proposed here and its performance is tested in free space. This modified rectangular microstrip antenna having one protruded curved edge is simulated by using the IE3D simulation software. In between conducting patch and ground plane, designed antenna has two layers of glass epoxy FR-4 substrates separated by a thin layer of foam substrate. This designed antenna operates at two frequencies 3.10GHz and 3.55GHz and presents circularly polarized performance in far-field region. The measured impedance bandwidth of designed antenna is 26% (0.846 GHz) with respect to the central frequency3.31GHz. The axial ratio bandwidth at two frequencies 3.10GHz and 3.55GHz is close to 1.36% & 2.21% respectively. The measured E plane co and cross radiation patterns in entire impedance bandwidth are identical in shape and direction of maximum radiations is normal to patch geometry as the losses in cavity has reduces as the quality factor of the cavity is decreased.

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Keywords: Microstrip antenna, dual frequency, multilayer, broadband, circularly polarized

M. Sumi, R. Dinesh, C. M. Nijas, S. Mridula, P. Mohanan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Frequency Coded Chipless RFID Tag using Spurline Resonators

A novel compact chipless RFID tag using spurline resonators is discussed in this paper. The detection of the tag's ID is using the spectral signature of a spurline resonator circuit. The tag has a data capacity of 8-bits in the range 2.38 to 4.04 GHz. The tag consists of a spurline multiresonating circuit and two cross polarised antennas. The prototype of the tag is fabricated on a substrate C-MET/LK4.3 of dielectric constant 4.3 and loss tangent 0.0018. The measured results show that group delay response can also be used to decode the tag’s identity.

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  5. CASULA, G A., MONTISCIA, G., MAXIAA, P., MAZZARELLA, G. A narrowband chipless multiresonator tag for UHF RFID. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2014, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 214-227.
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  15. SUMA, M. N., ROHITH K.RAJ., MANOJ JOSEPH., BYBI P.C., P. MOHANAN. A compact dual band planar branched monopole antenna for DCS/2.4GHz WLAN applications. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, May 2006, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 275-277.
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  17. VENA, A., PERRET, E., TEDJINI, S. RFID chipless tag based on multiple phase shifters. In IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. June 2011, p.1-4.
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Keywords: Band-stop filters (BSF), chipless RFID tag, folded monopole antenna, group delay, spurline resonator.

J. Wang, H. Ning, Q. Xiong, L.F. Mao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Compact Narrow-Band Bandstop Filter Using Spiral-Shaped Defected Microstrip Structure

A novel compact narrow-band bandstop filter is implemented by using the proposed spiral-shaped defected microstrip structure (SDMS) in this paper. Compared with other DMSs, the presented SDMS exhibits the advantage of compact size and narrow stopband. Meanwhile, an approximate design rule of the SDMS is achieved and the effects of the dimensions on the resonant frequency and 3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) are analyzed in detail. Both the simulation and measurement results of the fabricated bandstop filter show that it has a 10 dB stopband from 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz with more than 45 dB rejection at the center frequency.

  1. AHN, D., PARK, J.-S, KIM, C.-S, KIM, J., QIAN, Y., ITOH, T. A design of the low-pass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2001, vol. 49, no. 1, p. 86-92.
  2. PARUI, S. K., DAS, S. Modeling of modified split-ring type defected ground structure and its application as bandstop filter. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 149-154.
  3. KIM, C., LIM, J., NAM, S., KANG, K., PARK, J., KIM, G., AHN, D. The equivalent circuit modeling of defected ground structure with spiral shape. In IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. Seattle (USA), 2002, p. 2125–2128.
  4. WOO, D., LEE, T., LEE, J., PYO, C., CHOI, W. Novel U-slot and V-slot DGSs for bandstop filter with improved Q factor. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006, vol. 54, no. 6, p. 2840–2847.
  5. HUANG, S.-Y., LEE, Y.-H. A compact E-shaped patterned ground structure and its application to tunable bandstop resonator. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2009, vol. 57, no. 3, p. 657–666.
  6. KAZEROONI, M., CHELDAVI, A. Simulation, analysis, design and applications of array defected microstrip structure (ADMS) filters using rigorously coupled multi-strip (RCMS) method. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER, 2006, vol. 63, p. 193-207.
  7. TIRADO-MENDEZ, J. A., JARDON-AGUILAR, H., et al. A proposed defected microstrip structure (DMS) behavior for reducing rectangular patch antenna size. Microwave and Optical Technology Letter, 2004, vol. 43, no. 6, p. 481-484.
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  9. FALLAHZADEH, S., TAYARANI, M. A new microstrip UWB bandpass filter using defected microstrip structures. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2010, vol. 24, p. 893 to 902.
  10. LA, D., LU, Y., SUN, S., LIU, N., ZHANG, J. A novel compact bandstop filter using defected microstrip structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letter, 2011, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 433-435.
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Keywords: Bandstop filter, defected microstrip structure (DMS), microstrip.

J. L. Li, W. Shao, J. P. Wang, X. S. Yang, S. S. Gao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Microwave Slow-Wave Structure and Phase-Compensation Technique for Microwave Power Divider

In this paper, T-shaped electromagnetic bandgap is loaded on a coupled transmission line itself and its electric performance is studied. Results show that microwave slow-wave effect can be enhanced and therefore, size reduction of a transmission-line-based circuit is possible. However, the transmission-line-based circuits characterize varied phase responses against frequency, which becomes a disadvantage where constant phase response is required. Consequently, a phase-compensation technique is further presented and studied. For demonstration purpose, an 8-way coupled-line power divider with 22.5 degree phase shifts between adjacent output ports, based on the studied slow-wave structure and phase-compensation technique, is developed. Results show both compact circuit architecture and improved phase imbalance are realized, confirming the investigated circuit structures and analyzing methodologies.

  1. VELAZQUEZ-AHUMADA, M. C., MARTEL, J., MEDINA, F. Parallel coupled microstrip filters with floating ground-plane conductor for spurious-band suppression. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2005, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 1823-1828.
  2. MORRADIAN, M., TAYARANI, M. Spurious-response suppression in microstrip parallel-coupled bandpass filters by grooved substrates. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 7, p. 1707-1713.
  3. LU, J. C., LIAO, C. K., CHANG, C. Y. Microstrip parallelcoupled filters with cascade trisection and quadruplet responses. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 9, p. 2101-2110.
  4. PACO, P. D., VERDU, J., MENENDEZ, O., CORRALES, E. Branch-line coupler based on edge-coupled parallel lines with improved balanced response. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 12, p. 2936-2941.
  5. LIANG, C. H., CHANG, W. S., CHANG, C. Y. Enhanced coupling structures for tight couplers and wideband filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2011, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 574-583.
  6. HSU, S. K., YEN, J. C., WU, T. L. A novel compact forward-wave directional coupler design using periodical patterned ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2011, vol. 59, no. 5, p. 1249-1256.
  7. CHENG, K. K. M., YEUNG, S. A novel dual-band 3-dB branchline coupler design with controllable bandwidths. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 10, p. 3055-3041.
  8. WANG, X. L., SAKAGAMI, I., TAKAHASHI, K., OKAMURA, S. A generalized dual-band Wilkinson power divider with parallel L, C, and R components. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 952-964.
  9. DENG, P. H., DAI, L. C. Unequal Wilkinson power dividers with favorable selectivity and high-isolation using coupled-line filter transformers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 1520-1529.
  10. KAO, J. C., TSAI, Z. M., LIN, K. Y., WANG, H. A modified Wilkinson power divider with isolation bandwidth improvement. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 2768-2780.
  11. XU, Y. S., BOSISIO, R. G. Design of multiway power divider by using stepped-impedance transformers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 2781 to 2790.
  12. PARK, J. H., LEE, Y. Improved capacitive loading method for miniaturization of 0 dB forward-wave directional couplers. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2011, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 191-193.
  13. TSENG, C. H., CHANG, C. L. A rigorous design methodology for compact planar branch-line and rat-race couplers with asymmetrical T-structures. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 7, p. 2085-2092.
  14. WANG, S. M., CHI, C. H., HSIEH, M. Y., CHANG, C. Y. Miniaturized spurious passband suppression microstrip filter using meandered parallel coupled lines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2005, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 747-753.
  15. WANG, C. C., CHIU, H. C., MA, T. G. A slow-wave multilayer synthesized coplanar waveguide and its applications to rat-race coupler and dual-mode filter. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2011, vol. 59, no. 7, p. 1719-1730.
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  17. MULLER, J., PHAM, M. N., JACOB, A. F. Directional coupler compensation with optimally positioned capacitances. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2011, vol. 59, no. 11, p. 2824-2832.
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Keywords: Slow wave, phase imbalance, phase compensation, microwave circuit, microwave power divider

S. Li, X. Cao, T. Liu, H. Yang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Double-layer Perfect Metamaterial Absorber and Its Application for RCS Reduction of Antenna

To reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of a circularly polarized (CP) tilted beam antenna, a double-layer perfect metamaterial absorber (DLPMA) in the microwave frequency is proposed. The DLPMA exhibits a wider band by reducing the distance between the three absorption peaks. Absorbing characteristics are analyzed and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed absorber works well from 5.95 GHz to 6.86 GHz (relative bandwidth 14.1%) with the thickness of 0.5 mm. Then, the main part of perfect electric conductor ground plane of the CP tilted beam antenna is covered by the DLPMA. Simu¬lated and experimental results reveal that the novel antenna performs well from 5.5 GHz to 7 GHz, and its monostatic RCS is reduced significantly from 5.8 GHz to 7 GHz. The agreement between measured and simulated data validates the present design.

  1. GENOVESI, S., COSTA, F., MONORCHIO, A. Low profile array with reduced radar cross section by using frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 5, p. 2327-2335.
  2. ZHOU, H., QU, S.-B., LIN, B.-Q. Filter-antenna consisting of conical FSS radome and monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 3040-3045.
  3. WU, T. K. Improved dual band FSS performance with fractal elements. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2012, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 833-835.
  4. LI, Y.-Q., ZHANG, H., FU, Y.-Q., YUAN, N.-C. RCS reduction of ridged waveguide slot antenna array using EBG radar absorbing material. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letters, 2008, vol. 7, p. 473-476.
  5. TAN, Y., YAN, N., YANG, Y., FU, Y. Improved RCS and efficient waveguide slot antenna. Electronic Letters, 2011, vol. 47, no. 10, p. 582-583.
  6. ZHANG, Y., MITTRA, R., WANG, B. Z, HUANG, N. T. AMCs for ultra-thin and broadband RAM design. Electronic Letters, 2009, vol. 45, no. 10, p. 484-485.
  7. HWANG, R. B., TSAI, Y. L. The reflection characteristics of a composite planar AMC surface. AIP Advances, 2012, no. 2, p. 012128.
  8. LANDY, N. I., SAJUYIGBE, S., MOCK, J. J., SMITH, D. R., PADILLA, W. J. A perfect metamaterial absorber. Physical Review Letters, 2008, vol. 100, p. 207402.
  9. VAN TUONG PHAM, PARK, J. W., DINH LAM VU, ZHANG, H. Y., RHEE, J. Y., KIM, K. W., LEE, Y. P. THz-metamaterial absorber. Advanced. Nature Science: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2013, vol. 4, p. 015001.
  10. LIU, T., CAO, X.-Y., GAO, J., ZHENG, Q.-R., LI, W.-Q., YANG, H.-H. RCS reduction of waveguide slot antenna with metamaterial absorber. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 2013, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 2327-2335.
  11. ZHU, B., WANG, Z., HUANG, C., FENG, Y., ZHAO, J., JIANG, T. Polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber with wide incident angle. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, 2010, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 231-239.
  12. SMITH, D. R., VIER, D. C., KOSCHNY, Th., SOUKOULIS, C. M. Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials. Physical Review E, 2005, vol. 71, p. 036617.
  13. LI, S.-J., CAO, X.-Y., GAO, J., ZHENG, Q.-R. Design of the ultra-thin perfect metamaterial absorber with high Q-factor. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, vol. 62, no. 24, p. 244101.
  14. NAKANO, H., ASO, N., MIZOBE, N., YAMAUCHI, J. Lowprofile composite helical-spiral antenna for a circularly-polarized tilted beam. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 2011, vol. 59, no. 7, p. 2710-2713
  15. LI, S.-J., CAO, X.-Y., GAO, J., ZHENG, Q.-R., YANG, H.-H. Broadband and miniaturization of tilted beam antenna using CSRR splits and flower-spiral structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 2014, vol. 56, no. 1, p. 27-31.
  16. LI, L., YANG, Y., LIANG, C.-H. A wide-angle polarizationinsensitive ultra-thin metamaterial absorber with three resonant modes. Journal of Applied Physics, 2011, vol. 110, p. 063702.
  17. SHANG, Y., XIAO, S., TANG, M.-C., BAI, Y.-Y., WANG, B. Radar cross-section reduction for a microstrip patch antenna using PIN diodes. IET Microwave Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 670-679.
  18. LI, S.-J., CAO, X.-Y., GAO, J., ZHENG, Q.-R. Design of ultrathin broadband metamaterial absorber and its application for RCS reduction of circular polarization tilted beam antenna. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, vol. 62, no. 12, p. 124101.

Keywords: RCS, perfect metamaterial absorber, tilted beam antenna, circular polarization

J.-M. Wu, M.-Y. Ko [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Package and PCB Effects Shift Intermodulation Notch in an RF Common-Emitter Amplifier

A Taylor series analysis is conducted to study the effects of the package and printed circuit board (PCB) on the intermodulation nulling of an RF common-emitter amplifier. The equivalent parasitic element of the package and PCB interconnects is extracted from the impedance and admittance parameters, which are obtained using a three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic simulation tool. The theoretical analysis reveals that the effects of the package and PCB on the intermodulation nulling of common-emitter amplifiers is to shift the intermodulation notch; that the third-order intermodulation (IM3) products under an original bias condition cannot be suppressed and that the linearity of common-emitter amplifiers is thereby degraded. A comparison between theory and simulation reveals good agreement in the predicted locations of the intermodulation notch in the absence and presence of a package and PCB.

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  11. SIVONEN, P., KANGASMAA, S., PARSSINEN, A. Analysis of packaging effects and optimization in inductively degenerated common-emitter low-noise amplifiers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2003, vol. 51, no. 4, p. 1220 to 1226.
  12. WU, J.-M., HAN, F.-Y., HORNG, T.-S., LIN, J. Direct-conversion quadrature modulator MMIC design with a new 90 degrees phase shifter including package and PCB effects for W-CDMA applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006, vol. 54, no. 6, p. 2691 - 2698.
  13. HAN, F.-Y., WU, J.-M., HORNG, T.-S. A rigorous study of package and PCB effects on W-CDMA upconverter RFICs. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006, vol. 54, no. 10, p. 3793 - 3804.

Keywords: Package and printed circuit board (PCB) effects, intermodulation nulling, common-emitter amplifier, Taylor series.

K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, K. Wincza [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Broadband Butler Matrices with the Use of High-Pass LC Sections as Left-Handed Transmission Lines

An application of left-handed transmission line sections in Butler matrices has been investigated. It has been shown, for the first time, that the utilization of both left-handed and right-handed transmission lines allows for broadband differential phase shifters’ realization, required in the Butler matrices. A complete theoretical analysis is given, for Butler matrices incorporating ideal transmission lines of both right- and left handed types and expressions for the achievable bandwidth and differential phase deviation are derived. The presented idea has been verified by the design of a 4 x 4 Butler matrix operating in a frequency range of 2.5 – 3.5 GHz. As an artificial left-handed transmission line, an equivalent high-pass LC circuit realized in a quasi-lumped element technique, has been considered, and the resulting phase shift of such a circuit is given analytically. The obtained measurement results fully confirm the validity of the proposed idea of broadband Butler matrices’ realization.

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Keywords: Butler matrices, coupled-line directional couplers, differential phase shifters, left-handed transmission lines

J.W. Ren, G.T. Yang, W.M. Jia, M.L. Yao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Unambiguous Tracking Method Based on Combined Correlation Functions for sine/cosine-BOC CBOC and AltBOC Modulated Signals

Unambiguous tracking for Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals is an important requirement of modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. An unambiguous tracking method based on combined correlation functions for even/odd order sine/cosine-BOC, Composite BOC(CBOC) and Alternate BOC(AltBOC) modulated signals is proposed. Firstly, a unitary mathematical formulation for all kinds of BOC modulations is introduced. Then an unambiguous tracking method is proposed based on the formulation and the idea of pseudo correlation function (PCF) method. Finally, the tracking loop based on the proposed method is designed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can remove side peaks while retaining the sharp main peak for all kinds of BOC modulations. The tracking performance for AltBOC is examined and the results show that the proposed method has better performance in thermal noise and long-delay multipath mitigation than the traditional unambiguous tracking methods.

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Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Binary Offset Carrier (BOC), unambiguous tracking, multipath.

O. Cakir, I. Kaya, A. Yazgan, O. Cakir, E. Tugcu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Emitter Location Finding using Particle Swarm Optimization

Using several spatially separated receivers, nowadays positioning techniques, which are implemented to determine the location of the transmitter, are often required for several important disciplines such as military, security, medical, and commercial applications. In this study, localization is carried out by particle swarm optimization using time difference of arrival. In order to increase the positioning accuracy, time difference of arrival averaging based two new methods are proposed. Results are compared with classical algorithms and Cramer-Rao lower bound which is the theoretical limit of the estimation error.

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Keywords: Emitter location finding, time difference of arrival, time difference of arrival averaging, particle swarm optimization, Cramer-Rao lower bound.

L. Xu, S. Jin, G. Yin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Track Association Algorithm Based on Leader-Follower On-line Clustering in Dense Target Environments

The imbalance between accuracy and computational cost is a defect in track association. In response to the defect, the track association problem is transformed into an on-line clustering problem with constraints, and a novel track association algorithm is proposed based on Leader-Follower online clustering. In the algorithm, we take a track as a Leader or a Follower based on its type and make Followers and Leaders clustered, which greatly reduces the track pairs associated. In addition, the association relationships between Leaders and Followers are acquired by introducing a function of association degree, which is characterized by small computational cost and no requirements on the distribution of sensor data. The fused Leader-Follower forms a new Leader, which combines Leader generation and track fusion. When sensor tracks are updated, their Leaders will be changed and the other Leaders will be retained, by which the associated results obtain a good stability.

  1. AZIZ, A. M. Fuzzy track-to-track association and track fusion approach in distributed multisensory multi-target multiple-attribute environment. Signal Processing, 2007, vol. 87, no. 6, p. 1474 to 1492.
  2. OH, S., RUSSELL, S., SHANKAR, S. Markov chain Monte Carlo data association for multi-target tracking. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2009, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 481-497.
  3. HABTEMARIAM, B., THARMARASA, R., THAYAPARAN, T. A multiple-detection joint probabilistic data association filter. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2013, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 461-471.
  4. SINHA, A., DING, Z., KIRUBARAJAN, T., FAROOQ, M. Track quality based multitarget tracking approach for global nearestneighbor association. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2012, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 1179-1191.
  5. MAURER, D. E. Information handover for track-to-track correlation. Information Fusion, 2003, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 281-295.
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  7. PANAKKAL, V. P., VELMURUGAN, R. Effective data association scheme for tracking closely moving targets using factor graphs. In 2011 National Conference on Communications. Bangalore (India), 2011, p.1-5.
  8. OUYANG, C., JI, H. Modified cost function for passive sensor data association. Electronics Letters, 2011, vol. 47, no. 6, p. 383 to 385.
  9. SIGALOV, D., SHIMKIN, N. Cross entropy algorithms for data association in multi-target tracking. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2011, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 1166-1185.
  10. HAN, Y., ZHU, H., HAN, C. Track-to-track association in the presence of sensor bias and the relative bias estimation. In 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. Singapore (Singapore), 2012, p. 1044-1050.
  11. KAPLAN, L. M., BAR-SHALOM, Y., BLAIR, W. D. Assignment costs for multiple sensor track-to-track association. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2008, vol. 44, no. 2, p. 655-677.
  12. PAPAGEORGIOU, D. J., HOLENDER, M. Track-to-track association and ambiguity management in the presence of sensor bias. In 12th International Conference on Information Fusion. Seattle (USA), 2009, p. 2012-2019.
  13. SATHYAN, T., SINHA, A., KIRUBARAJAN, T., McDONALD, M., LANG, T. MDA-based data association with prior track information for passive multi-target tracking. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2011, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 539 to 556.
  14. ROY, A. K., RAO, S. K. Multi-track association and fusion. In 2011 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing. Kerala (India), 2011, p. 131-135.

Keywords: Track association, Leader-Follower on-line clustering, multi-sensor, multi-target.

J. Stastny, P. Sovka, M. Kostilek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Overcoming Inter-Subject Variability in BCI Using EEG-Based Identification

The high dependency of the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) system performance on the BCI user is a well-known issue of many BCI devices. This contribution presents a new way to overcome this problem using a synergy between a BCI device and an EEG-based biometric algorithm. Using the biometric algorithm, the BCI device automatically identifies its current user and adapts parameters of the classification process and of the BCI protocol to maximize the BCI performance. In addition to this we present an algorithm for EEG-based identification designed to be resistant to variations in EEG recordings between sessions, which is also demonstrated by an experiment with an EEG database containing two sessions recorded one year apart. Further, our algorithm is designed to be compatible with our movement-related BCI device and the evaluation of the algorithm performance took place under conditions of a standard BCI experiment. Estimation of the mu rhythm fundamental frequency using the Frequency Zooming AR modeling is used for EEG feature extraction followed by a classifier based on the regularized Mahalanobis distance. An average subject identification score of 96 % is achieved.

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Keywords: Brain computer interface, subject identification, frequency zooming AR modeling, EEG classification

P. Dluhos, D. Schwarz, T. Kasparek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Wavelet Features for Recognition of First Episode of Schizophrenia from MRI Brain Images

Machine learning methods are increasingly used in various fields of medicine, contributing to early diagnosis and better quality of care. These outputs are particularly desirable in case of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, due to the inherent potential for creating a new gold standard in the diagnosis and differentiation of particular disorders. This paper presents a scheme for automated classification from magnetic resonance images based on multiresolution representation in the wavelet domain. Implementation of the proposed algorithm, utilizing support vector machines classifier, is introduced and tested on a dataset containing 104 patients with first episode schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Optimal parameters of different phases of the algorithm are sought and the quality of classification is estimated by robust cross validation techniques. Values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity over 71% are achieved.

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Keywords: Schizophrenia, machine learning, neuroimaging, classification, wavelet transform, MRI.

P. Liu, N. S. Perovic , A. Springer [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
The Impact of User Effects on the Performance of Dual Receive Antenna Diversity Systems in Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper we study the impact of user effects on the performance of receive antenna diversity systems in flat Rayleigh fading channels. Three diversity combining techniques are compared: maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC), and selection combining (SC). User effects are considered in two scenarios: 1) body loss (the reduction of effective antenna gain due to user effects) on a single antenna, and 2) equal body loss on both antennas. The system performance is assessed in terms of mean SNR, link reliability, bit error rate of BPSK, diversity order and ergodic capacity. Our results show that body loss on a single antenna has limited (bounded) impact on system performance. In comparison, body loss on both antennas has unlimited (unbounded) impact and can severely degrade system performance. Our results also show that with increasing body loss on a single antenna the performance of EGC drops faster than that of MRC and SC. When body loss on a single antenna is larger than a certain level, EGC is not a “sub-optimal” method anymore and has worse performance than SC.

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Keywords: Body loss, diversity gain, hand effects, Rayleigh fading, receive antenna diversity, user effects.

K. Bittner, H. G. Brachtendorf [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Adaptive Multi-Rate Wavelet Method for Circuit Simulation

In this paper a new adaptive algorithm for multi-rate circuit simulation encountered in the design of RF circuits based on spline wavelets is presented. The ordinary circuit differential equations are first rewritten by a system of (multi-rate) partial differential equations (MPDEs) in order to decouple the different time scales. Second, a semi-discretization by Rothe's method of the MPDEs results in a system of differential algebraic equations DAEs with periodic boundary conditions. These boundary value problems are solved by a Galerkin discretization using spline functions. An adaptive spline grid is generated, using spline wavelets for non-uniform grids. Moreover the instantaneous frequency is chosen adaptively to guarantee a smooth envelope resulting in large time steps and therefore high run time efficiency. Numerical tests on circuits exhibiting multi-rate behavior including mixers and PLL conclude the paper.

  1. BITTNER, K. Biorthogonal spline wavelets on the interval. CHEN, G., LAI, M.-J. (Eds.) Wavelets and Splines: Athens 2005. Brentwood (TN, USA): Nashboro Press, 2006, p. 93 - 104.
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Keywords: RF circuits, circuit simulation, multirate simulation, envelope simulation, splines, wavelets

A. Di Bucchianico, J. ter Maten, R. Pulch, R. Janssen, J. Niehof, M. Hanssen, S. Kapora [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Robust and Efficient Uncertainty Quantification and Validation of RFIC Isolation

Modern communication and identification products impose demanding constraints on reliability of components. Due to this statistical constraints more and more enter optimization formulations of electronic products. Yield constraints often require efficient sampling techniques to obtain uncertainty quantification also at the tails of the distributions. These sampling techniques should outperform standard Monte Carlo techniques, since these latter ones are normally not efficient enough to deal with tail probabilities. One such a technique, Importance Sampling, has successfully been applied to optimize Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) while guaranteeing very small failure probabilities, even going beyond 6-sigma variations of parameters involved. Apart from this, emerging uncertainty quantifications techniques offer expansions of the solution that serve as a response surface facility when doing statistics and optimization. To efficiently derive the coefficients in the expansions one either has to solve a large number of problems or a huge combined problem. Here parameterized Model Order Reduction (MOR) techniques can be used to reduce the work load. To also reduce the amount of parameters we identify those that only affect the variance in a minor way. These parameters can simply be set to a fixed value. The remaining parameters can be viewed as dominant. Preservation of the variation also allows to make statements about the approximation accuracy obtained by the parameter-reduced problem. This is illustrated on an RLC circuit. Additionally, the MOR technique used should not affect the variance significantly. Finally we consider a methodology for reliable RFIC isolation using floor-plan modeling and isolation grounding. Simulations show good comparison with measurements.

  1. AUGUSTIN, F., GILG, A., PAFFRATH, M., RENTROP, P., WEVER, U. Polynomial chaos for the approximation of uncertainties: Chances and limits. European Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2008, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 149 - 190.
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  7. DOORN, T. S., CROON, J. A., TER MATEN, E. J.W., DI BUCCHIANICO, A. A yield statistical centric design method for optimization of the SRAM active column. In Proceedings of 35th European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC). Athens (Greece), 2009, p. 352 - 355.
  8. DOORN, T., TER MATEN, J., DI BUCCHIANICO, A., BEELEN, T., JANSSEN, R. Access time optimization of SRAM memory with statistical yield constraint. In Proceedings of 22nd International Conference Radioelektronika. Brno (Czech Republic), 2012, p. 219 - 222.
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  24. PULCH, R., TER MATEN, E. J. W., AUGUSTIN, F. Sensitivity analysis of linear dynamical systems in uncertainty quantification. PAMM – Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2013, vol. 13-1, p. 507 - 508.
  25. PULCH, R., TER MATEN, E. J. W.. Stochastic Galerkin Methods and Model Order Reduction for Linear Dynamical Systems. (Preprint) Report TUE-CASA 2013-31. Eindhoven (the Netherlands): TU Eindhoven, 2013. [Online] Available at: http://www.win.tue.nl/analysis/reports/rana13-31.pdf. Submitted to International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification, 2013.
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Keywords: Monte Carlo, importance sampling, tail probabilities, failure, yield estimation, uncertainty quantification, stochastic collocation, stochastic galerkin, sensitivity, variation aware, parameterized model order reduction, reliability, RFIC isolation, floor-plan modelling, isolation grounding

J. Sturm, M. Groinig, X. Xiang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Tunable Balun Low-Noise Amplifier in 65nm CMOS Technology

The presented paper includes the design and implementation of a 65 nm CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) based on inductive source degeneration. The amplifier is realized with an active balun enabling a single-ended input which is an important requirement for low-cost system on chip implementations. The LNA has a tunable bandpass characteristics from 4.7 GHz up to 5.6 GHz and a continuously tunable gain from 22 dB down to 0 dB, which enables the required flexibility for multi-standard, multi-band receiver architectures. The gain and band tuning is realized with an optimized tunable active resistor in parallel to a tunable L-C tank amplifier load. The amplifier achieves an IIP3 linearity of -8dBm and a noise figure of 2.7 dB at the highest gain and frequency setting with a low power consumption of 10 mW. The high flexibility of the proposed LNA structure together with the overall good performance makes it well suited for future multi-standard low-cost receiver front-ends.

  1. BRUCCOLERI, F., KLUMPERINK, E. A. M., NAUTA, B. Wideband CMOS low-noise amplifier exploiting thermal noise canceling. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2004, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 275 - 282.
  2. IM, D. NAM, I., LEE, K. A. CMOS active feedback balun-LNA with high IIP2 for wideband digital TV receivers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2010, vol. 58, no. 12, p. 3566 - 3579.
  3. PERUMANA, B. G., ZHAN, J. C., TAYLOR, S. S., CARLTON, B. R., LASKAR, J. Resistive-feedback CMOS low-noise amplifiers for multiband applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 5, p. 1218 - 1225.
  4. BLAAKMEER, S. C., KLUMPERINK, E. A. M., LEENAERTS, D. M. W., NAUTA, B. Wideband balun-LNA with simutaneous output balancing, noise-canceling and distortion-canceling. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2008, vol. 43, no. 6, p. 1341 - 1350.
  5. WANG, X., AICHHOLZER, W., STURM, J. A 0.1 – 4 GHz resistive feedback LNA with feedforward noise and distortion cancelation. In Proceedings of IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC). 2010, p. 406 - 409.
  6. ROBERT, S., ABED-MERAIM, O., LO COCO, L. Wide-band variable-gain LNA in 65 nm CMOS with inverter based amplifier for multi-tuners cable TV reception. In Proceedings of IEEE ESSCIRC. Athens (Greece), 2009, p. 104 - 107.
  7. GEIS, A., ROLAINY, Y., VANDERSTEENY, G., CRANINCKX, J. A 0.045mm2 0.1 – 6GHz reconfigurable multi-band, multi-gain LNA for SDR. In IEEE RFIC Symposium Digest. 2011.
  8. AZUMA, S., KAWAMURA, H., KAWAMA, S., TOYOYAMA, S., HASEGAWA, T., KAGOSHIMA, K., KOUTANI, M., KIJIMA, H., SAKUNO, K. IIZUKA, K. A Digital terrestrial television (ISDBT) tuner for mobile applications. In IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Digest of Technical Papers. 2004, vol. 1, p. 278 - 528.
  9. ZHANG, F., KINGET, P. R. Low-power programmable gain CMOS distributed LNA, I. EEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2006, vol. 41, no. 6, p. 1333 - 1343.
  10. JI, Y., WANG, C., LIU, J., LIAO, H. 1.8 dB NF 3.6 mW CMOS active balun low noise amplifier for GPS. Electronics Letters, 2010, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 251 - 252.
  11. BELOSTOTSKI, L., HASLETT, J.W. Sub-0.2 dB noise figure wideband room-temperature CMOS LNA with non-50W signal-source impedance. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2007, vol. 42, no. 11, p. 2492 - 2502.
  12. KO, J., KIM, J., CHO, S., LEE, K. A 19-mW 2.6-mm2 L1/L2 dual band CMOS GPS receiver. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2005, vol. 40, no. 7, p. 1414 - 1425.
  13. TORRALBA, A., LUJIAN-MARTINEZ, C., CARAVAJAL, R. G., GALAN, J., PENNISI, M., RAMIREZ-ANGULO, J., LOPEZMARTIN, A. Tunable linear MOS resistors using quasi-floating-gate techniques. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, 2009, vol. 56, no. 1, p. 41 - 45.
  14. XIANG, X., STURM, J. Tunable linear MOS resistor for RF applications. In IEEE 12th Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Intergrated Circuits in RF Systems (SiRF). Santa Clara (CA, USA), 2012, p. 37 - 40.
  15. WAMBACQ, P., SANSEN, W. Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits. Dordrecht (the Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
  16. NGUYEN, T.-K., SU, Y.-M., LEE, S.-G. A power-constrained simultaneous noise and input matching low noise amplifier design technique. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 2004, p. 281 - 284.
  17. HAN, K., ZOU, L., LIAO, Y., MIN, H., TANG, Z. A wideband CMOS variable gain low noise amplifier based on single-todifferential stage for TV tuner applications. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Conference (ASSCC). 2008, p. 457 - 460.
  18. CHANG, T., CHEN, J., RIGGE, L. A., LIN, J. ESD-protected wideband CMOS LNAs using modified resistive feedback techniques with chip-on-board packaging. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 8, p. 1817 - 1826.
  19. BORREMANS, J., WAMBACQ, P., SOENS, C., ROLAIN, Y., KUIJK, M. Low-area active-feedback low-noise amplifier design in scaled digital CMOS. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2008, vol. 43, no. 11, p. 2422 - 2433.
  20. STURM, J., XIANG, X., PRETL, H. A 65 nm CMOS wide-band LNA with continuously tunable gain from 0 dB to 24 dB. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 2013, p. 733 - 736.

Keywords: Low-noise amplifier, LNA, variable gain, tunable band, multi-standard receiver.

F. Alimenti, M. Virili, P. Mezzanotte, L. Roselli, V. Rericha, M. Pokorny, F. Iorio, R. Gaddi, C. Schepens [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A RF-MEMS Based Tunable Matching Network for 2.45-GHz Discrete-Resizing CMOS Power Amplifiers

This paper deals with the design and experimental validation of a tunable matching network for discrete-resizing CMOS power amplifiers operating at 2.45 GHz (i.e. in the WiFi frequency band). The network is based on a two stages ladder configuration and exploits high-Q MEMS capacitors to achieve the impedance tuning. Furthermore, since these capacitors can be programmed through a 3-wires serial interface, a fully digital control of the transformed impedance is achieved.

  1. CIDRONALI, A., MAGRINI, I., FAGOTTI, R., ALIMENTI, F., MERCANTI, M., MANES, G. Dynamic biasing in SiGe HBT for wideband step envelope tracking power amplifiers. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2008, vol. 18, no. 6, p. 564 - 573.
  2. ELORANTA, R.,SEPPINEN, P., KALLIOINEN, S., SA-ARELA, T., PARSSINEN, A. A multimode transmitter in 0:13μm CMOS using direct-digital RF modulator. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2007, vol. 42, no. 12, p. 2774 - 2784.
  3. KAVOUSIAN, A., SU, D., HEKMAT, M., SHIRVANI, A., WOOLEY, B. A digitally modulated polar CMOS power amplifier with a 20-MHz channel bandwidth. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2008, vol. 43, no. 10, p. 2251 - 2258.
  4. PRESTI, C., CARRARA, F., SCUDERI, A., ASBECK, P., PALMISANO, G. A 25 dBm digitally modulated CMOS power amplifier for WCDMA/EDGE/OFDM with adaptive digital predistortion and efficient power control. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2009, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 1883 - 1896.
  5. CHOWDHURY, D., YE, L., ALON, E., NIKNEJAD, A. An efficient mixed-signal 2.4-GHz polar power amplifier in 65-nm CMOS technology. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2011, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 1796 - 1809.
  6. AFSAHI, A., BEHZAD, A., MAGOON, V., LARSON, L. Linearized dual-band power amplifiers with integrated baluns in 65 nm CMOS for a 22 802.11n MIMO WLAN SoC. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2010, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 955 - 966.
  7. KWON, D. H., LI, H., CHANG, Y., TSENG, R., CHIU, Y. Digitally equalized CMOS transmitter front-end with integrated power amplifier. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2010, vol. 45, no. 8, p. 1602 - 1614.
  8. VAN BEZOOIJEN, A., DE JONGH, M., CHANLO, C., RUIJS, L., VAN STRATEN, F., MAHMOUDI, R., VAN ROERMUND, A. A GSM/EDGE/WCDMA adaptive series-LC matching network using RF-MEMS switches/ IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 2008, vol. 43, no. 10, p. 2259 - 2268.
  9. CARRARA, F., PRESTI, C., PAPPALARDO, F., PALMISANO, G. A 2.4-GHz 24-dBm SOI CMOS power amplifier with fully integrated reconfigurable output matching network. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2009, vol. 57, no. 9, p. 2122 - 2130.
  10. CHANG, S.-F., CHEN, W.-L., CHANG, S.-C., TU, C.-K., WEI, C.- L., CHIEN, C.-H., TSAI, C.-H., CHEN, J., CHEN, A. A dual-band RF transceiver for multistandard WLAN applications. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 53, no. 3, p. 1048 - 1055.
  11. Agile RF Transceivers and Front-Ends for Future Smart Multi-Standard Communication Applications. ARTEMOS project. ENIAC-JU, call3, 2010. [Online] Available at: http://www.artemos.eu.
  12. ELFERGANI, I. T. E., SADEGHPOUR, T., ABD-ALHAMEED, R. A., HUSSAINI, A. S., NORAS, J. M., JONES, S., RODRIGUEZ, J. Reconfigurable antenna design for mobile handsets including harmonic radiation measurements. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 6, no. 9, p. 990 - 999.
  13. BAKALSKI, W.., SIMBURGER, W., THURINGER, R., VASYLYEV, A., SCHOLTZ, A. A fully integrated 5.3-GHz 2.4-V 0.3-W SiGe bipolar power amplifier with 50

Keywords: Power Amplifiers (PA), Envelope Tracking (ET), discrete-resizing, CMOS, Tunable Matching Networks (TMN), MEMS capacitors, reconfigurable front-ends, WLAN

K. Niotaki, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, J. Vardakas [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
5 Watt GaN HEMT Power Amplifier for LTE

This work presents the design and implementation of a stand-alone linear power amplifier at 2.4 GHz with high output power. A GaN HEMT transistor is selected for the design and implementation of the power amplifier. The device exhibits a gain of 11.7 dB and a drain efficiency of 39% for an output power of 36.7 dBm at 2.4 GHz for an input power of 25dBm. The carrier to intermodulation ratio is better than 25 dB for a two tone input signal of 25 dBm of total power and a spacing of 5 MHz. The fabricated device is also tested with LTE input signals of different bandwidths (5MHz to 20MHz).

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  5. MIAJA, P. F., SEBASTIAN, J., MARANTE, R., GARCIA, J. A. A linear assisted switching envelope amplifier for a UHF polar transmitter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, vol. 29, no. 4, p. 1850-1861.
  6. BUMMAN KIM, JUNGJOON KIM, DONGSU KIM, JUNGHWAN SON, YUNSUNG CHO, JOOSEUNG KIM, BYUNGJOON PARK Push the envelope: Design concepts for envelope-tracking power amplifiers. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2013, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 68-81.
  7. KIMBALL, D., YAN, J. J., THEILMANRR, P., HASSAN, M., ASBECK, P., LARSON, L. Efficient and wideband envelope amplifiers for envelope tracking and polar transmitters. In IEEE Topical Conference on Power Amplifiers for Wireless and Radio Applications, 2013, p.13-15.
  8. SHINJO, S., YOUNG-PYO HONG, GHEIDI, H., KIMBALL, D. F., ASBECK, P. M. High speed, high analog bandwidth buck converter using GaN HEMTs for envelope tracking power amplifier applications. In Proceedings of IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet). 2013, p.13-15.
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  11. KIMBALL, D. F., JEONG, JINHO, CHIN HSIA, DRAXLER, P., LANFRANCO, S., NAGY, W., LINTHICUM, K., LARSON, L. E., ASBECK, P. M. High-efficiency envelope-tracking W-CDMA base-station amplifier using GaN HFETs. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006, vol. 54, no. 11, p. 3848- 3856.
  12. MONPRASERT, G., SUEBSOMBUT, P., PONGTHAVORNKAMOL, T., CHALERMWISUTKUL, S. 2.45 GHz GaN HEMT class-AB RF power amplifier design for wireless communication systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics Computer Telecommunications and Information Technology. 2010, p. 566-569.
  13. KAMIYAMA, M., ISHIKAWA, R., HONJO, K. 5.65 GHz highefficiency GaN HEMT power amplifier with harmonics treatment up to fourth order. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2012, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 315-317.
  14. CHIN HSIA, KIMBALL, D. F., ASBECK, P. M. Effect of maximum power supply voltage on envelope tracking power amplifiers using GaN HEMTs. In Proceedings of the IEEE Topical Conference on Power Amplifiers for Wireless and Radio Applications (PAWR). 2011, p. 69-72.
  15. CGH4006P 6W, RF Power GaN HEMT (datasheet) [Online]. Available at http://www.cree.com/RF/Products/General-Purpose- Broadband-28-V/Packaged-Discrete-Transistors/CGH40006P
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Keywords: ACPR, GaN HEMT, linearity, LTE, PAPR, power amplifier.

I. Elfergani, A. S.Hussaini, J. Rodriguez ,C.H. See, R. Abd-Alhameed [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Wideband Tunable PIFA Antenna with Loaded Slot Structure for Mobile Handset and LTE Applications

A compact planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with a tunable frequency response is presented. Tuning of the resonant frequency is realized by loading a varactor on an embedded slot of the proposed antenna structure without further optimizing other antenna geometry parameters. The antenna exhibits a wide frequency range from 1570 to 2600 MHz with a good impedance matching (S11 ≤-10 dB) covering the GPS, PCS, DCS, UMTS, WLAN and LTE systems. To validate the theoretical model and design concept, the antenna prototype was fabricated and measured. The compact size of the antenna is 15mm × 8mm × 3mm, which makes this antenna a good candidate for mobile handset and wireless communication applications.

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Keywords: Tunable antenna, varactor diode, PIFA antenna.

K. Anoh, R. Asif, R. Abd-Alhameed, J. Rodriguez, J. M. Noras, S.M.R. Jones, A. S. Hussaini [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Multi-Antenna OFDM System Using Coded Wavelet with Weighted Beamforming

A major drawback in deploying beamforming scheme in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is to obtain the optimal weights that are associated with information beams. Two beam weighting methods, namely co-phasing and singular vector decomposition (SVD), are considered to maximize the signal beams for such beamforming scheme. Initially the system performance with and without interleaving is investigated using coded fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDM and wavelet-based OFDM. The two beamforming schemes are applied to the wavelet-based OFDM as confirmed to perform better than the FFT-OFDM. It is found that the beam-weight by SVD improves the performance of the system by about 2dB at the expense of the co-phasing method. The capacity performances of the weighting methods are also compared and discussed.

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Keywords: Beamforming, steering, MIMO, wavelet, OFDM, ISI, FFT, LTE, beam-weight

A. Hueltes, J. Verdu, C. Collado, J. Mateu, E. Rocas, J. L. Valenzuela [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Filtenna Integration Achieving Ideal Chebyshev Return Losses

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to find an ideal filter response (Chebyshew, Butterworth,..) considering the antenna as the last resonator of a filter under certain circumstances related with the antenna performance and the bandwidth of the filtenna device. If these circumstances are not accomplished, we can achieve excellent performance as well, by means of an iterative process the goal of which is defined by either a filter mask or a classical filter function itself. The methodology is based on the conventional coupling matrix technique for filter design and has been validated by fabricating a microstrip prototype using hairpin resonators and a rectangular patch antenna.

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Keywords: Filtenna, filter, antenna, return losses, Chebyshev, optimal bandwidth.

E. Rocas, J. Mateu, C. Collado, A. Hueltes, J. Verdu, C. Billard, J.-B. David, A. Reinhardt [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Nonlinear Performance of BAW Filters Including BST Capacitors

This paper evaluates the nonlinear effects occurring in a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter which includes barium strontium titanate (BST) capacitors to cancel the electrostatic capacitance of the BAW resonators. To do that we consider the nonlinear effects on the BAW resonators by use of a nonlinear Mason model. This model accounts for the distributed nonlinearities inherent in the materials forming the resonator. The whole filter is then implemented by properly connecting the resonators in a balanced configuration. Additional BST capacitors are included in the filter topology. The nonlinear behavior of the BST capacitors is also accounted in the overall nonlinear assessment. The whole circuit is then used to evaluate its nonlinear behavior. It is found that the nonlinear contribution arising from the ferroelectric nature of the BST capacitors makes it impractical to fulfill the linearity requirements of commercial filters.

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Keywords: BAW filter, resonator, nonlinear, ferroelectric, BST

L. Polak, O. Kaller, L. Klozar, J. Sebesta, T. Kratochvil [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Mobile Communication Networks and Digital Television Broadcasting Systems in the Same Frequency Bands – Advanced Co-Existence Scenarios

The increasing demand for wireless multimedia services provided by modern communication systems with stable services is a key feature of advanced markets. On the other hand, these systems can many times operate in a neighboring or in the same frequency bands. Therefore, numerous unwanted co-existence scenarios can occur. The aim of this paper is to summarize our results which were achieved during exploration and measurement of the co-existences between still used and upcoming mobile networks (from GSM to LTE) and digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DVB) systems. For all of these measurements and their evaluation universal measurement testbed has been proposed and used. Results presented in this paper are a significant part of our activities in work package WP5 in the ENIAC JU project “Agile RF Transceivers and Front-Ends for Future Smart Multi-Standard Communications Applications (ARTEMOS)”.

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Keywords: Co-existence of advanced wireless systems, GSM, HSPA/WCDMA, LTE, DVB-T/H/T2/-T2-Lite, ideal and fading channel conditions, SDR, BER, EVM

G. Baruffa, L. Rugini, P. Banelli [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design and Validation of a Software Defined Radio Testbed for DVB-T Transmission

This paper describes the design and validation of a Software Defined Radio (SDR) testbed, which can be used for Digital Television transmission using the Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard. In order to generate a DVB-T-compliant signal with low computational complexity, we design an SDR architecture that uses the C/C++ language and exploits multithreading and vectorized instructions. Then, we transmit the generated DVB-T signal in real time, using a common PC equipped with multicore central processing units (CPUs) and a commercially available SDR modem board. The proposed SDR architecture has been validated using fixed TV sets, and portable receivers. Our results show that the proposed SDR architecture for DVB-T transmission is a low-cost low-complexity solution that, in the worst case, only requires less than 22% of CPU load and less than 170 MB of memory usage, on a 3.0 GHz Core i7 processor. In addition, using the same SDR modem board, we design an off-line software receiver that also performs time synchronization and carrier frequency offset estimation and compensation.

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Keywords: Software Defined Radio, Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial, USRP, OFDM, time synchronization, carrier frequency offset estimation

D. Perez-Calderon, V. Baena-Lecuyer, J. G. Doblado, A. C. Oria, P. Lopez [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Simplified Metrics Calculation for Soft Bit Detection in DVB-T2

The constellation rotation and cyclic quadrature component delay (RQD) technique has been adopted in the second generation terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T2) standard. It improves the system performance under severe propagation conditions, but introduces serious complexity problems in the hardware implementation of the detection process. In this paper, we present a simplified scheme that greatly reduces the complexity of the demapper by simplifying the soft bit metrics computation having a negligible overall system performance loss.

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Keywords: Demapper, DVB-T2, OFDM, rotated constellation

O. Zach, M. Slanina [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Matlab-Based Tool for Video Quality Evaluation without Reference

This paper deals with the design of a Matlab based tool for measuring video quality with no use of a reference sequence. The main goals are described and the tool and its features are shown. The paper begins with a description of the existing pixel-based no-reference quality metrics. Then, a novel algorithm for simple PSNR estimation of H.264/AVC coded videos is presented as an alternative. The algorithm was designed and tested using publicly available video database of H.264/AVC coded videos. Cross-validation was used to confirm the consistency of results.

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Keywords: Quality assessment, GBIM, PSNR, MOS, image quality, H.264/AVC, quality metric

L. Azpilicueta, F. Falcone, J.J. Astrain, J. Villadangos, A. Chertudi, I. Angulo, A. Perallos, P. Elejoste, I. J. Garcia Zuazola [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Topological Impact on Wireless Channel Performance on Intelligent Street Lighting System

In this work, an analysis of the physical radio channel propagation for the deployment of a wireless sensor network for intelligent street lighting is presented based on an in house implemented 3D ray launching code. Simulation as well as measurement results from a deployed wireless sensor network for an intelligent street light control system confirm the topological and morphological dependence of the considered scenario. The results can be applied to the optimal radioplanning of the wireless systems prior to deployment phase, in order to achieve maximum system performance while minimizing power consumption.

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Keywords: 3D ray launching, wireless sensor network, intelligent street lighting, channel performance

X. Shen, J. Huang, P. Liu, Y. Pan, B. Xu, Z. Rao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Collaborative Beamforming for Wireless Sensor Networks with Phase Offset

Collaborative beamforming has been widely used in wireless sensor networks to improve the directivity of signals in long-distance transmission. The performance of collaborative beamforming has been well analyzed for the case without phase offset in the literature. However, the phase ambiguity caused by carrier phase jitter or offset between the transmitter and receiver nodes always exists in a practical system. Although the effects of imperfect phase have been studied for Uniform node distribution and Tikhonov phase noise model, the performance analysis of collaborative beamforming with arbitrary node distributions and any phase offset which may have various probability density functions (PDFs) depending on phase-locked loop circuits is still an open issue. This paper proposes a unified method to evaluate the performance of collaborative beamforming in the case of phase noise. Since non-parametric kernel method is used to build the PDFs of node and phase offset, the proposed non-parametric approach can provide accurate performance analysis for various node and phase noise distributions which may or may not be represented by explicit PDF functions. Computer simulation is conducted to verify validity of the proposed method.

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Keywords: Collaborative beamforming, wireless sensor networks, kernel method, node distributions, phase offset, performance analysis

Y. Eghbali, H. Hassani, A. Koohian, M. Ahmadian-Attari [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Improved Energy Detector for Wideband Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, an improved energy detector for a wideband spectrum sensing is proposed. For a better detection of the spectrum holes the overall band is divided into equal non-overlapping sub-bands. The main objective is to determine the detection thresholds for each of these subbands jointly. By defining the problem as an optimization problem, we aim to find the maximum aggregated opportunistic throughput of cognitive radio networks. Introducing practical constraints to this optimization problem will change the problem into a convex and solvable one. The results of this paper show that the proposed improved energy detector will increase the aggregated throughput considerably.

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Keywords: Cognitive radio, improved energy detector, joint detection, spectrum sensing

G. Wang, D. Guo, A. Liu, B. Zhang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Multiuser Cooperation with Hybrid Network Coding in Wireless Networks

In this paper a hybrid Network Coding Cooperation (hybrid-NCC) system is proposed to achieve both reliable transmission and high throughput in wireless networks. To balance the transmission reliability with throughput, the users are divided into cooperative sub-networks based on the geographical information, and the cooperation is implemented in each sub-network. After receiving signals from the cooperative partners, each user encodes them by exploiting hybrid network coding and then forwards the recoded symbols via the Link-Adaptive Regenerative (LAR) relaying. First, the Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT) is analyzed to demonstrate that the proposed system is bandwidth-efficient. Second, the Symbol Error Probability (SEP) is also derived, which shows that the proposed system achieves a higher reliability as compared to the traditional Complex Field Network Coding Cooperation (CFNCC). Moreover, because dedicated relays are not required, our proposed system can both reduce the costs and enhance the flexibility of the implementation. Finally, the analytical results are supported and validated by numerical simulations.

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Keywords: Cooperative communication, complex field network coding, diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, wireless communication.

J. Milos, S. Hanus [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Performance Analysis of PCFICH and PDCCH LTE Control Channels

Control channels play a key role in the evaluation of mobile system performance. The purpose of our paper is to evaluate the performance of the control channels implementation in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. The paper deals with the simulation of the complete signal processing chain for Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) and Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) in the LTE system, Release 8. We implemented a complete signal processing chain for downlink control channels as an extension of the existing MATLAB LTE downlink simulator. The paper presents results of PCFICH and PDCCH control channel computer performance analysis in various channel conditions. The results can be compared with the performance of data channels.

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  3. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation, tech. rep. TS 36.211, version 8.9.0. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 2009.
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Keywords: Long Term Evolution, Release 8, control channels, Physical Control Format Indicator Channel, Physical Downlink Control Channel, MATLAB, link level simulator

R. Paudel, J. Poliak, Z. Ghassemlooy, O. Wilfert, E. Leitgeb [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Curved Track Analysis of FSO Link for Ground-to-Train Communications

In this work, a free space optical (FSO) link for the ground-to-train (G2T-FSO) communications is proposed. Analytical analysis is carried out for the curved rail tracks. We show that the transmitter divergence angle, the transmit power and the size of the concentration lens need to increase for the curved section of the rail track compared to the straight track. We derive the analytical expression for the received power level based on the link geometry for the case of the curved track In the worst case scenario when the curvature radius is 120 m, the transmit power at the optical base station (BS) needs to increase by over 2 dB when the concentration lens radius is increased by 5 times. Analyses also show that the received power along the track increases with the curvature radius for the same transmit power and receiver optics illustrating the effect due to link geometry. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system for the curved track with different curvature radii is analysed at data rates of 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel showing a good agreement between the theoretical and the simulated BER. Finally, effect of scintillations on the G2T-FSO link performance is discussed.

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  20. PAUDEL, R., GHASSEMLOOY, Z., LE MINH, H., RAJBHANDARI, S. Modelling of free space optical link for ground-to-train communications using a Gaussian source. IET Optoelectronics, 2013, vol. 7, p. 1 - 8.
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Keywords: Free space optical, ground-to-train, base station, link geometry.

J. Nemecek, J. Cizmar [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Calculation of Angular Deflection Limits of a Mobile Free-Space Optical Link Beam

The paper describes the effect of optical beam angular deflection on the power received by the receiver of a mobile free-space optical (FSO) link. Permissible fluctuations in the power received were studied on a steady model of the FSO link. It was assumed that these fluctuations were caused by oscillations of the optical beam across the receiver aperture. The formula for beam angular deflection limit was derived for two different types of optical intensity profile. The task was solved for two different types of atmosphere. The first type of atmosphere was considered a homogeneous and lossless environment. In the second type, atmospheric radiation attenuation was included in the calculations. Also, this article includes graphs of dependencies of the angular deflection limits upon the distance between the link stations.

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  8. FARID, A. A., HRANILOVIC, S. Outage capacity optimization for free-space optical links with pointing errors. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2007, vol. 25, no. 7, p. 1702 – 1710.
  9. POLIAK, J., PEZZEI, P., LEITGEB, E., WILFERT, O. Link budget for high-speed short-distance wireless optical link. In Proceedings of the 2012 8th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP). Poznan (Poland), 2012, p. 346-351.
  10. SMITH, F. G., ACCETTA, J. S., SHUMAKER, D. L. The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Atmospheric Propagation of Radiation. Vol. 2. Bellingham: SPIE Press, 1993.
  11. KHAN, M. S., GRABNER, M., MUHAMMAD, S. S., AWAN, M. S., LEITGEB, E., KVICERA, V., NEBULONI, R. Empirical relations for optical attenuation prediction from liquid water content of fog. Radioengineering, September 2012, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 911 – 916.

Keywords: Free space optical link, steady model, angular deflection of the beam, power fluctuations, optical intensity profile, power budget

J. Cizmar, J. Nemecek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design and Modeling of the Properties of the Servomechanism for a Mobile Free Space Optical Link

The paper deals with the design of a tracking system determined for mobile free space optical link communication system. The paper also contains description of two-step method of the optical-axes pointing process, description of the basic properties of servomechanisms and results of the simple simulation of the tracking-system function model. The entire model consists of four partial models, i.e. of model of trajectory, model of uneven road surface, model of vehicle and model of horizontal and vertical servos. Results of these simulations will be used to give precision to the construction design of the mobile free space optical link station and its servomechanisms.

  1. WILFERT, O. Wireless Optical Links. Brno: Brno University of Technology, 2004, 93 p. (In Czech)
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  3. NEMECEK, J., CIZMAR, J. Control system for positioning of a transmitter optical beam and a receiver field of view for a mobile free space optical link. In Proceedings of 5th International Symposium Advances in Mechatronics (AiM 2010). Trencin (Slovakia), 2010, p. 55 – 59.
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  7. POLIAK, J., PEZZEI, P., LEITGEB, E., WILFERT, O. Analytical expression of FSO link misalignments considering Gaussian beam. In Proceedings of the 2013 18th European Conference on Network and Optical Communications & 2013 8th Conference on Optical Cabling and Infrastructure (NOC-OC&I). Graz (Austria), 2013, p. 99-103.
  8. TITTERTON, D. H., WESTON, J. L. Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology. 2nd ed. Lexington (USA): MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 2004.
  9. JAKUBOV, O., KOVAR, P., KACMARIK, P., VEJRAZKA, F. The witch navigator - A low cost GNSS software receiver for advanced processing techniques. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 536 – 543.
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Keywords: Free space optical link, communication, pointing, tracking, servomechanism, inertial reference unit, TV camera, modeling, simulation

M. Mudroch, S. Zvanovec [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Artificial Neural Network Utilization for FSO Link Performance Estimation

This paper describes FSO link performance prediction based on available meteorological data using different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches. Several types of ANNs were compared and their performance were evaluated. The paper introduces an ANN application utilizing real delayed data. This approach has been validated to be more precise than common feed-forward neural networks.

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Keywords: Artifficial neural networks, free-space optics, weather influence

M. I. Petković, G. T. Đorđević, D. N. Milić [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
BER Performance of IM/DD FSO System with OOK using APD Receiver

In this paper, the performance of intensity-modulated with direct detection (IM/DD) free space optical (FSO) system using the on-off keying (OOK) and avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver is observed. The gamma-gamma model is used to describe the effect of atmospheric turbulence since it provides good agreement in the wide range of atmospheric conditions. In addition, the same FSO system with equal gain combining applied at the reception is analyzed. After theoretical derivation of the expression for the bit error rate (BER), the numerical integration with previously specified relative calculation error is performed. Numerical results are presented and confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of the FSO link and receiver parameters on the BER performance are discussed. The results illustrate that the optimal APD gain in the minimum BER sense depends considerably on the link distance, atmospheric turbulence strength and receiver temperature. In addition, the value of this optimal gain is slightly different in the case of spatial diversity application compared with single channel reception.

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  8. GAPPMAIR, W., HRANILOVIC, S., LEITGEB, E. Performance of PPM on terrestrial FSO links with turbulence and pointing errors. IEEE Communications Letters, 2005, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 468 - 470.
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  14. LUONG, D. A., TRUONG, C.-T., PHAM, A. T. Effect of avalanche photodiode and thermal noises on the performance of binary phase-shift keying-subcarrier-intensity modulation/free-space optical systems over turbulence channels. IET Communications, 2013, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 738 - 744.
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Keywords: Free space optical (FSO) communications, atmospheric turbulence, gamma-gamma distribution, error probability, avalanche photodiode (APD), on-off keying (OOK), equal gain combining (EGC)

V. Prajzler, R. Mastera, V. Jerabek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Large Core Planar 1 x 2 Optical Power Splitter with Acrylate and Epoxy Resin Waveguides on Polydimetylsiloxane Substrate

Fabrication process of multimode 1 x 2 optical rectangular planar power splitter suitable for low-cost short distance optical network is presented. The splitters were designed by beam propagation method for standard input/output plastic optical fibre. Materials used for the splitter were: UV acrylate photopolymer polymer or epoxy resin for optical core waveguide layers and Y-groove substrate for the core layer was poly(methyl methacrylate) or polydimetylsiloxane made by replication process on poly(methyl methacrylate) pattern. The insertion losses of 1x2 splitters with acrylate waveguide layers were around 2.7 dB at 532 nm and 4.1 dB at 650 nm and those for epoxy resin waveguide layer were around 3.7 dB at 850 nm. The 1x2 splitters were tested by signal transmission being connected to the internet network by using optoelectronic switches and we achieved the maximum possible transmission data rate as provided by the computer network.

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Keywords: Multimode splitter, large core, optical planar waveguide, polymer, beam propagation method

H. Heininger [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Longitudinal Cavity Mode Referenced Spline Tuning for Widely Tunable MG-Y Branch Semiconductor Laser

This paper presents a novel method for wavelength-continuous tuning of a MG-Y-Branch Laser that possesses an intrinsic self-calibration capability. The method utilizes the measured characteristic output power pattern caused by the internal longitudinal cavity modes of the laser device to calibrate a set of cubical spline curves. The spline curves are then used to generate the tuning currents for the two reflector sections and the phase section of the laser from an intermediate tuning control parameter. A calibration function maps the desired laser wavelength to the intermediate tuning parameter, thus enabling continuous tuning with high accuracy.

  1. LAROY, R. New Concepts of Wavelength Tunable Laser Diodes for Future Telecom networks, Ph.D. dissertation. Ghent (Belgium): Ghent University, 2006.
  2. SARLET, G. Tunable Laser Diodes for WDM Communication - Methods for Characterisation and control, Ph.D. dissertation. Ghent (Belgium): Ghent University, 2000.
  3. HUSSEIN, I. Application Note AN-2095 Controlling the S7500 CW Tunable Laser (2012 May 9). [Online] Available at: http://www.finisar.com/sites/default/files/pdf/AN-2095-Controlling the S7500 CW Tunable Laser-RevA.pdf
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  5. Ignis, Inc.[Online] Cited 2012-05-09. Available at: http://ignis.com/products/tuneable-lasers/s7500/
  6. MORTHIER, G., LAROY, R., CHRISTIAENS, I., TODT, R., JACKE, TH., AMANN, M.-C., WESSTROM, J-O., HAMMERFELDT, S., MULLANE, T., RYAN, N., TODD, M. New widely tunable edge-emitting laser diodes at 1.55 μm developed in the European IST-project Newton. In Asia-Pacific Optical Communications. China, 2004.
  7. LAROY, R., MORTHIER, G., SARLET, G., WESSTROM, J.-O. Characteristics of the modulated grating Y laser for future WDM networks. In IEEE/Leos Benelux Annual Symposium. Enschede (the Netherlands), 2003, p. 55 - 57.
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Keywords: MG-Y-Branch Laser, Wavelength-Continuous Tuning, Longitudinal Cavity Mode, Spline Curve Tuning, Intermediate Tuning Parameter

J. Lemus-Lopez, A. Diaz-Sanchez, C. Muñiz-Montero, J. Ramirez-Angulo, J. M. Rocha-Perez., L. A. Sanchez-Gaspariano [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
High Gain Amplifier with Enhanced Cascoded Compensation

A two-stage CMOS operational amplifier with both, gain-boosting and indirect current feedback frequency compensation performed by means of regulated cascode amplifiers, is presented. By using quasi-floating-gate transistors (QFGT) the supply requirements, the number of capacitors and the size of the compensation capacitors respect to other Miller schemes are reduced. A prototype was fabricated using a 0.5 μm technology, resulting, for a load of 45 pF and supply voltage of 1.65 V, in open-loop-gain of 129 dB, 23 MHz of gain-bandwidth product, 60o phase margin, 675 μW power consumption and 1% settling time of 28 ns.

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Keywords: Gain boosting, frequency compensation, regulated cascode, quasi-floating gate transistors

J. Xu, C. Wang, J. Jin, Z. Xia [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Low-Voltage High-Linearity Wideband Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application on Current-Mode Active Filter

A low-voltage high-linearity wideband current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) is presented in this paper. The CDTA consists of a current differencing circuit and a cross-coupling transconductance circuit. The PSPICE simulations of the proposed CDTA show a good performance: -3dB frequency bandwith is about 900 MHz, low power consumption is 2.48 mW, input current linear range is ±100 µA and low current-input resistance is less than 20 Ω, high current-output resistance is more than 3 MΩ. PSpice simulations for a current-mode universal filter and a proposed high-order filter are also conducted, and the results verify the validity of the proposed CDTA.

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Keywords: Current mode, CDTA, universal filter, high-order filter.

U. E. Ayten, M. Sagbas, S. Minaei [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Realization of Low-Voltage Modified CBTA and Design of Cascadable Current-Mode All-Pass Filter

In this paper, a low voltage modified current backward transconductance amplifier (MCBTA) and a novel first-order current-mode (CM) all-pass filter are presented. The MCBTA can operate with ±0.9 V supply voltage and the total power consumption of MCBTA is 1.27 mW. The presented all-pass filter employs single MCBTA, a grounded resistor and a grounded capacitor. The circuit possesses low input and high output impedances which make it ideal for current-mode systems. The presented all-pass filter circuit can be made electronically tunable due to the bias current of the MCBTA. Non-ideal study along with simulation results are given for validation purpose. Further, an nth-order cascadable all-pass filter is also presented. It uses n MCBTAs, n grounded resistors and n grounded capacitors. The performance of the proposed circuits is demonstrated by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.18 µm TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters.

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  7. HERENCSAR, N., LAHIRI, A., KOTON, J., SAGBAS, M., AYTEN, U. E. VRBA, K. New MOS-C realization of transadmittance type all-pass filter using modified CBTA. In Proceeding of International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE 2011). Pilsen (Czech Republic), 2011, p. 153 - 156.
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  9. YUCE, E., MINAEI, S., HERENCSAR, N., KOTON, J. Realization of first-order current-mode filters with low number of MOS transistors. Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, 2013, vol. 22, no. 1, 1250071 14 p.
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  25. KOKSAL, M., AYTEN, U. E., SAGBAS, M. Realization of new mutually coupled circuit using CC-CBTAs. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 2012, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 435 - 446.
  26. SAGBAS, M. AYTEN, U. E., HERENCSAR, N., MINAEI S. Voltage-mode multiphase sinusoidal oscillators using CBTAs. In Proceedings of the 2012 35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP 2012). Prague (Czech Republic), 2012, p. 421 - 425.
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Keywords: Modified current backward transconductance amplifier (MCBTA), current-mode circuits, all-pass filter, active networks.

B. Metin, N. Herencsar, J. Koton, J. W. Horng [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
DCCII-Based Novel Lossless Grounded Inductance Simulators With No Element Matching Constrains

In 1996, the differential current conveyor (DCCII) was introduced as a versatile active element with current differencing capability. Therefore, in this study, the usefulness of the DCCII is shown on six novel lossless grounded inductance simulator circuits. Proposed circuits simultaneously employ minimum number of elements, i.e. single DCCII, one capacitor, and two resistors. No passive element matching restriction is needed and all solutions are electronically tunable in case that one of resistors is replaced by MOSFET-based voltage-controlled resistor. The internal structure of the active element has been implemented using the TSMC 0.25 um SCN025 CMOS process BSIM3v3.1 parameters. Firstly, the performance of the selected inductor simulator is evaluated and subsequently verified in the design of 5th-order high-pass ladder and 2nd-order frequency filters. In addition, experimental results using commercially available AD844/ADs are given to verify the theoretical analysis and SPICE simulations.

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Keywords: DCCII, differential current conveyor, inductance simulator, ladder filter, lossless grounded inductor

Y.A. Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
On the Systematic Synthesis of OTA-Based KHN Filters

According to the nullor-mirror descriptions of OTA, the NAM expansion method for three different types of KHN filters employing OTAs is considered. The type-A filters employing five OTAs have 32 different forms, the type-B filters employing four OTAs have 32 different forms, and the type-C filters employing three OTAs have eight different forms. At last a total of 72 circuits are received. Having used canonic number of components, the circuits are easy to be integrated and both pole frequency and Q-factor can be tuned electronically through tuning bias currents of the OTAs. The MULTISIM simulation results have been included to verify the workability of the derived circuit.

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Keywords: KHN filter, OTA, nullor-mirror element, nodal admittance matrix expansion.

J. Slezak, J. Petrzela [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Evolutionary Synthesis of Cube Root Computational Circuit Using Graph Hybrid Estimation of Distribution Algorithm

The paper is focused on evolutionary synthesis of analog circuit realization of cube root function using proposed Graph Hybrid Estimation of Distribution Algorithm. The problem of cube root function circuit realization was adopted to demonstrate synthesis capability of the proposed method. Individuals of the population of the proposed method which represent promising topologies are encoded using graphs and hypergraphs. Hybridization with local search algorithm was used. The proposed method employs univariate probabilistic model.

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Keywords: Automated analog circuit synthesis, evolutionary algorithm, analog circuit design, estimation of distribution algorithm, computational circuit, univariate marginal distribution algorithm.