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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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December 2018, Volume 27, Number 4 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018-4]

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M. Hagara, P. Kubinec [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0919] [Download Citations]
About Edge Detection in Digital Images

Edge detection is one of the most commonly used procedures in digital image processing. In the last 30-40 years, many methods and algorithms for edge detection have been proposed. This article presents an overview of edge detection methods, the methods are divided according to the applied basic principles. Next, the measures and image database used for edge detectors performance quantification are described. Ordinary users as well as authors proposing new edge detectors often use Matlab function without understanding it in details. Therefore, one chapter is devoted to some of Matlab function parameters that affect the final result. Finally, the latest trends in edge detection are listed. Picture Lena and two images from Berkeley segmentation data set (BSDS500) are used for edge detection methods comparison.

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Keywords: Image processing, edge detection, gradient operator, morphological operator, fractional differentiation, Berkeley segmentation data set (BSDS), NYU depth dataset, Matlab

A. Dziekonski, M. Mrozowski [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0930] [Download Citations]
Single and Dual-GPU Generalized Sparse Eigenvalue Solvers for Finding a Few Low-Order Resonances of a Microwave Cavity Using the Finite-Element Method

This paper presents two fast generalized eigenvalue solvers for sparse symmetric matrices that arise when electromagnetic cavity resonances are investigated using the higher-order finite element method (FEM). To find a few low-order resonances, the locally optimal block conjugate gradient (LOBPCG) algorithm with null-space deflation is applied. The computations are expedited by using one or two graphical processing units (GPUs) as accelerators. The performance of the solver is tested for single and dual GPU hardware setups, making use of two types of GPU: NVIDIA Kepler K40s and NVIDIA Pascal P100s. The speed of the GPU-accelerated solvers is compared to a multithreaded implementation of the same algorithm using a multicore central processing unit (CPU, Intel Xeon E5-2680 v3 with twelve cores). It was found that, even for the least efficient setups, the GPU-accelerated code is approximately twice as fast as a parallel CPU-only implementation.

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Keywords: FEM, generalized eigenvalue problem, GPU, Maxwell's equations, resonators

P. Pinho, N. Carvalho [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0937] [Download Citations]
Evaluation of Planar Elliptical Antenna Array with Inner Counter-elliptical Slot

This paper presents and analyzes a low profile planar antenna array of elliptical elements with inner counter-elliptical slots. The antenna has single feed and provides two main directive radiation components (front and back), with gain higher than 7dBi and circular polarization (CP) over the entire 5 GHz ISM and UNII bands. This approach also cancels the null over the elevation plane, which makes it suitable for bidirectional communications, also for proximity coverage. The inner slot of elliptical shape provides three additional degrees of freedom to match the planar monopole and/or array in impedance and polarization over the desired frequency band. An electromagnetic (EM) model of the proposed antenna is developed for numerical analysis and optimization. The principle of operation and parametric study of the antenna are provided. The antenna is fabricated and experimental results are presented. The number of elements in the array are chosen according to the desired gain and the inner elliptical slot parameters (major Radius, elliptical Ratio and Rotation) scaled for impedance and polarization matching.

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Keywords: Axial Ratio (AR), Circular Polarization (CP), front-back radiation, Planar Elliptical Antenna Array (PEAA), Planar Elliptical Monopole (PEM), wide bandwidth

H. T. Thuy, S. D. Sun [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0942] [Download Citations]
Direct Demodulation of Optical BPSK/QPSK Signals without Digital Signal Processing

We experimentally demonstrate the coherent detection of 5-Gbd/s BPSK/QPSK signal by direct phase compensation of the phase noise without using a sophisticated digital signal processing algorithm. The phase compensation is achieved by applying simply an error signal to a phase modulator located at the local oscillator for coherent detection, where the error signal is generated to keep the same power level for binary or quadrature signal.

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Keywords: Phase noise, BPSK, QPSK, coherent detection, coherent optical communication

A. Banerjee, K. Patra, S. Chatterjee, B. Gupta, A. K. Bandyopadhyay [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0948] [Download Citations]
Theoretical Investigations on the Resonance Characteristics of CPW-Fed Miniaturized Strip Monopole Antennas

Novel closed form expressions to investigate CPW-fed miniaturized planar monopole antennas are presented. The analysis of a CPW-fed strip monopole structure is further extended to derive expressions for the input impedances of miniaturized strip-monopoles supporting slow wave propagation. The concept includes the modification of the propagation constants of the structures and the modeling of them into their equivalent straight rectangular strip-monopoles on planar substrates. The meandered/miniaturized strip-monopole radiators are disintegrated to model them as the superposition of simpler structures and circuit theoretic analyses are performed. The correctness of the reported expressions is validated against the simulations as well as the experimental measurements. Such closed-form analysis facilitates simpler design procedures against other available techniques such as conformal mapping and full wave analysis. The circuit theoretic approach reduces the computational requirements as against the available commercial EM solvers and provides a suitable interface platform for system analysis.

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Keywords: CPW-Fed Miniaturized Monopole Antennas, Resonance Characteristics Prediction, Closed Form Expressions, Induced EMF Method, Circuit Model Analysis

A. Pascawati, P. Hazdra, T. Lonsky, M. R. K. Aziz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0956] [Download Citations]
Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder Using the Theory of Characteristic Modes

This paper describes the application of the theory of characteristic modes to excite a conducting cylinder representing the chassis of a rocket. Mode excitation is achieved by cutting H-shaped slots on the cylinder at specific locations where the maximum of modal current distribution occurs. The L-matching network is designed to match the impedance of the slots to the input coaxial cable. Finally, the proposed concept is verified during manufacturing and measurement. It is shown that the measured results are in excellent agreement with the simulation.

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Keywords: Theory of characteristic modes, excitation of modes, coupling elements, matching networks

K. Nafkha, H. Ragad, A. Gharsallah [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0961] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Plane Waves Spectra in a Weakly-Disturbed Flat Reverberation Chamber by Information Theory Criteria

This work aims to present the impact of disturbing the stationary modes in a rectangular-shaped reverberation chamber by small-dimensioned stirrers. The study focuses on plane wave’s modeling of the electric field inside a flat cavity using information theory criteria. The emphasis is on anisotropy of the number of plane-waves distribution in the cavity and a strong increase near stirrers. The distributions of the plane wave spectra are studied for a set of reverberation chamber configurations at frequencies close to and far superior to the lowest usable frequency.

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Keywords: Reverberation chamber, plane wave number, MDL criterion, AIC criterion, antenna array processing

Z. L. Zhang, K. Wei, J. Xie, J. Y. Li, L. Wang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0969] [Download Citations]
The MIMO Antenna Array with Mutual Coupling Reduction and Cross-polarization Suppression by Defected Ground Structures

This paper proposes two types of defected ground structures (DGSs) for achieving the mutual coupling (MC) reduction and the antenna cross-polarization (XP) suppression respectively in a MIMO (multiple input multiple output) wireless communication system. The novel periodic fractal DGS (PFDGS) are presented to reduce the MC between antenna elements. About 20 dB MC reduction is achieved, which contributes to improve the antenna efficiency and increase the MIMO system channel capacity. However, the method of using DGS or other decoupling structures for MC reduction will degrade the antenna XP level unnecessarily. For solving this problem, another arc-shaped DGS is etched under each patch to suppress the antenna XP level. In this way, the XP level is suppressed from −10 dB to −34.6 dB in the boresight direction. Moreover, the arc-shaped DGS will not degrade the MC reduction performance.

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  7. HAMMOODI, A. I., AL-RIZZO, H. M., ISAAC, A. A. Mutual coupling reduction between two monopole antennas using fractal based DGS. In IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. Vancouver (Canada), 2015, p. 416−417. DOI: 10.1109/APS.2015.7304594
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  9. WEI, K., LI, J. Y., WANG, L., et al. Mutual coupling reduction by novel fractal defected ground structure band-gap filter. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2016, vol. 64, no. 10, p. 4328−4335. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2591058
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Keywords: DGS, mutual coupling suppression, fractal structure, cross-polarization, MIMO system

E. Fritz-Andrade, H. Jardon-Aguilar, J. A. Tirado-Mendez [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0976] [Download Citations]
Mutual Coupling Reduction of Two 2x1 Triangular-Patch Antenna Array Using a Single Neutralization Line for MIMO Applications

In this paper, a novel structure of two interlaced antenna arrays for MIMO applications is presented. It consists of two 2x1 triangular patch array antennas, which have all elements separated by a short distance among them (0.22λ0), where mutual coupling can be very poor (S21 = –7.81 dB). To overcome such weakness, a simple and efficient method is used: one neutralization line (NL) is introduced to increase the decoupling between both ports, reaching up to –29 dB at the central frequency, and below –20 dB over a large bandwidth. The whole MIMO antenna array has dimensions of 1.56λ0 × 0.3λ0 and has a gain of 9.11 dBi. Its diversity parameters describe it as a useful radiator for MIMO communications systems.

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Keywords: Linear antenna arrays, microstrip antennas, mutual coupling, neutralization line, patch antennas

B. Azarm, J. Nourinia, Ch. Ghobadi, M. Majidzadeh, N. Hatami [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0983] [Download Citations]
A Compact WiMAX Band-Notched UWB MIMO Antenna with High Isolation

A multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications with high isolation capability. The proposed MIMO structure consists of two simple square monopole antennas with slotted ground plane structure with S11 bandwidth of 2.2 to 10.8 GHz and isolation level better than -30 dB. U-shaped and L-shaped slots are adopted to realize a notched band within 3.3-3.8 GHz relating to WiMAX frequency band. With the aim of enhancing the isolation between the monopole antennas, two parasitic structures are wisely embedded between the monopole antennas on backside of the substrate. The MIMO antenna prototype with a compact size of 25×38 mm2 is fabricated and measured. Based on the simulation and experimental results, the proposed MIMO antenna well-performs in ultra-wideband (UWB) band-notched MIMO application.

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Keywords: Monopole antennas, ultra wideband (UWB), multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO), WiMAX band-notched function, high isolation

S. Kundu, A. Chatterjee, S. K. Jana, S. K. Parui [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0990] [Download Citations]
A High Gain Dual Notch Compact UWB Antenna with Minimal Dispersion for Ground Penetrating Radar Application

A compact (27.5×16.5×0.8 mm3) co-planar waveguide fed printed ultra-wideband antenna operating in the impedance band of 1.75-10.3 GHz with two wide frequency notch bands at 2.2–3.9 GHz and 5.1–6 GHz, is introduced. Dual notch is achieved by inserting U-slot on the radiator and with inverted patch shaped downscaled parasitic load at the opposite end of feed line. Maximum antenna gain augmentation by about 5 dBi is achieved without changing the bandwidth, by incorporating a dual layer reflective frequency selective surface (FSS) of dimension 33×33×1.6 mm3 below the antenna. The antenna-FSS composite structure exhibits maximum radiation in the broadside direction with a peak gain of 9 dBi and an average radiation efficiency of more than 80% in the operating band. Antenna transfer function and group delay are experimentally studied in ground coupling mode of ground penetrating radar (GPR). Linear magnitude response of transfer function and consistent, flat group delay are achieved, that ensure minimal antenna dispersion and its ability for GPR application.

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Keywords: UWB antenna, frequency selective surface (FSS), ground penetrating radar, high gain, and notch.

A. Quddus, R. Saleem, M. F. Shafique, S. U. Rehman [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0998] [Download Citations]
Compact Electronically Reconfigurable WiMAX Band- Notched Ultra-wideband MIMO Antenna

A low-profile electronically reconfigurable WiMAX band-notched dual port multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna design for ultra-wideband application has been presented. The two symmetrical MIMO antenna elements proposed in this work exhibit a good impedance match (VSWR ≤ 2) over frequency band of 3 to 12 GHz, while offering high isolation. The decoupling structure is used to enhance the isolation level above 25 dB over the entire UWB spectrum. The reconfigurable band notch characteristic in MIMO design is achieved by inserting PIN diodes along the filtering Ω-shaped slotted structure in main radiators. Notch appears for WiMAX 3.5 GHz (3.2 - 3.8 GHz) frequency band by switching the PIN diode to ‘ON’ state. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured, the results suggest its appropriateness for UWB applications where WiMAX band notch characteristics may be desired on-demand.

  1. ZHU, J., LI, S., FENG, B., et al. Compact dual polarized UWB quasi-self-complementary MIMO/diversity antenna with bandrejection capability. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, vol. 15, p. 905–908. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP. 2015.2479622
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Keywords: Band-notch, isolation, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), PIN diodes, reconfigurable, ultra-wideband (UWB), WiMAX

Z. M. Loni, H. G. Espinosa, D. V. Thiel [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1006] [Download Citations]
Floating Hemispherical Helical Antenna: Analysis of Gain, Efficiency and Resonant Frequency

This paper reports the effect of seawater conductivity on gain, efficiency and resonant frequency of a hemispherical helical antenna. The size of the copper ground plane for the hemispherical antenna can be reduced using conductive seawater as part of the ground plane for the antenna. Seawater increases the gain from 6 dBi to 8 dBi but with a decreased efficiency. The simulated radiation efficiency of the antenna on water surface is 61%. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) results show absorption of 2.19 W/kg. This paper also reports the design of a low cost floating buoy. The buoy provides a waterproof setup for the circuitry and antenna. The buoy can be effectively used for shallow water coastal monitoring.

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  8. LONI, Z. M., ESPINOSA, H. G., THIEL, D. V. Insulated wire fed floating monopole antenna for coastal monitoring. Radioengineering, April 2018, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 127–133. DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.0127
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  16. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, Comput. Simulation Tech., Munich, Germany: Simulia (TM) Dassault Systemes, 2016.
  17. LONI, Z. M., ESPINOSA, H. G., THIEL, D. V. Floating hemispherical helical antenna for ocean sensor networks. IEEE Journal on Oceanic Engineering, 2018, p. 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/JOE.2018.2853198
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Keywords: Hemispherical antenna, vacuum forming, floating buoy, ocean sensors, 3D printing, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN).

S. Unaldi, N. B. Tesneli, S. Cimen [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1012] [Download Citations]
A Novel Miniaturized Polarization Independent Frequency Selective Surface with UWB Response

This study presents a novel Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) design with angularly stable and polarization independent band-stop response. The presented FSS comprises of miniaturized unit cells printed on two layers of dielectric substrate. The -3dB bandwidth of proposed FSS is between 2.98 GHz and 10.86 GHz frequencies. The unit cell dimension is 0.064λ×0.064λ with the thickness of 0.02λ, where λ is the wavelength of the lower operational frequency. The proposed FSS has angular stability up to 60 deg for TE polarization. The designed FSS is simulated and analyzed by using the commercial software, CST Microwave Studio. The simulation results are verified by measurements carried on a fabricated prototype and a good agreement is achieved.

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  8. LIU, L., LI, H., JIN, Z., CAO, Q., et al. Design of FSS-based UWB absorber using multilayer modified circular ring. In International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES). Suzhou (China), 2017. ISBN: 978-0-9960- 0785-6
  9. GURGEL DA SILVA SEGUNDO, F. C., PEREIRA DE SIQUEIRA CAMPOS, A. L. P., GOMEZ NETO, A. A design for ultrawide band frequency selective surface. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 2013, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 398–409. DOI: 10.1590/S2179- 10742013000200012
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  11. SIVASAMY, R., MOORTHY, B., KANAGASABAI, M., et al. Polarization-independent single-layer ultra-wideband frequencyselective surface. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 93–97. DOI: 10.1017/S1759078715001439
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  13. KOCAKAYA, A., ÇAKIR G. A novel angular independent higher order band-stop frequency selective surface for X-band applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 2018, vol. 12, p. 15–22. DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0907

Keywords: Angularly stable, miniaturized, FSS, UWB

R. Swain, R. K. Mishra [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1018] [Download Citations]
Phase Quantized Metasurface Reflectors for X-band Laguerre Gaussian Vortex Beam Generation

From last two decade, there is an exponential growth in consumption of available bandwidth in the radio frequency spectrum. To challenge this issue, improvement in channel capacity is getting huge research attention. Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beams are one of the solution to challenge so-called Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) technology. However, designing compact portable antennas to generate vortex beams at radio frequencies is still a challenge. We proposed two metasurface reflector models (Track and sector-wise distribution) based on 3-bit phase quantized meta-element analysis to generate fundamental Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) vortex modes. A microstrip antenna is used as feeding element instead of conventional horn to reduce overall reflector size. Simulated E-field distribution clarifies the spatial vortex mode behavior at X-band. Experimental results of fabricated prototypes at 9.5 GHz, 10 GHz, and 10.5 GHz agrees with simulated far-fields which indicates a broadband characteristic.

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Keywords: Antenna, metasurface, Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), reflectarray

K. P. Kaur, T. Upadhyaya, M. Palandoken [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1025] [Download Citations]
Dual-Band Compact Metamaterial-Inspired Absorber with Wide Incidence Angle and Polarization Insensitivity for GSM and ISM Band Applications

A dual-band metamaterial inspired microwave absorber composed of concentric two crossed double-arrow shaped resonators, ring resonator with four splits at the corners and square ring resonator is presented. The proposed RF absorber has the absorption feature of wide incidence angle. The sub-wavelength unit cell of the proposed absorber is structured on a metal backed epoxy glass (FR-4) substrate. The novel absorber has two distinct absorption peaks of 99.4% and 98.6% at the frequencies of 1.94 GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively. The designed structure is polarisation-insensitive with wide incidence angle of 60° and high absorption rate of 82% for transverse electric and 98% for transverse magnetic modes. Polarization insensitivity of the proposed design is investigated by the waveguide measurement technique with setting different orientation angles for the unit cells. The measured and simulated results have good agreement making the proposed absorber a potential candidate for energy harvesting applications in GSM and ISM band.

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Keywords: Metamaterials, metamaterial absorber, ring resonators, polarization

R. Hussein, H. A. Atallah, S. Hekal, A. B. Abdel-Rahman [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1032] [Download Citations]
A New Design for Compact Size Wireless Power Transfer Applications Using Spiral Defected Ground Structures

In this article, a new wireless power transfer (WPT) design is proposed for improving the efficient of system. The suggested system contains two spiral defected ground structure (DGS) resonators coupled back-to-back. The spiral DGS alone acts as band stop filter (BSF), and when the two resonators are coupled back-to-back, a BSF is emerged leading to WPT system. The DGS resonators are loaded through chip capacitors for miniaturization. The proposed structures are fabricated and tested. The proposed system has a highest efficiency of 97.7% at a transmission distance of 10 mm which is suitable for biomedical applications. Both simulated and experimental results are in good concurrence.

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Keywords: Defected ground structure(DGS), spiral, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)

Y.-J. Cai, F.-Y. Zhang, K.-D. Xu, D.-H. Li [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1038] [Download Citations]
Super High-Selectivity Fifth-Order Bandpass Filter with Twelve Transmission Zeros

A fifth-order bandpass filter (BPF) with super high selectivity using three pairs of coupled lines and two open stubs is proposed. Twelve transmission zeros (TZs) from 0 to 2f_0 (f_0 denotes center frequency of the passband) and five transmission poles (TPs) in the passband can be obtained to realize good out-of-band suppression and sharp roll-off skirts. For demonstration, a simple BPF prototype centered at 2.04 GHz is designed, fabricated with measured 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 18% and very high transition band roll-off rates of over 567 dB/GHz. Good agreement between the simulations and measurements validates the design method.

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Keywords: Bandpass filter, high-selectivity, coupled lines, transmission poles, transmission zeros

As. Abdipour, Ar. Abdipour, M. Alahverdi [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1043] [Download Citations]
A Design of Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Wide Rejection Band and Sharp Transition Band Utilizing Semi-Circle Resonators

In this paper, a microstrip lowpass filter with -3 dB cut-off frequency of 2.1 GHz consisting of three cascaded resonators with different semi-circle patches and four suppressors employing radial stubs has been proposed. To indicate the role of each employed microstrip transmission line in the structure of its resonance cell, the equations of the transfer function and transition zero of the resonator have been calculated, separately. The designed filter has been constructed and tested, and a good agreement between the results of simulation and measurement has been achieved. In the whole rejection region, a return loss better than +0.28 dB and a 19.656 GHz stopband bandwidth with high rejection level of 32 dB have been obtained. Moreover, a flat insertion loss close to zero in the passband and sharp cutoff slope (203.57 dB/GHz) can verify desired frequency response. The proposed filter has a high figure of merit equal to 24241.69.

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Keywords: Microstrip Lowpass filter, transfer function and transition zero, semi-circle patches

E. S. Kim, K. K. Adhikari, N. Y. Kim [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1050] [Download Citations]
Split Ring Resonator-based Bandpass Filter with Multi-Transmission Zeros and Flexibly Controllable Bandwidth Using Multipath Source-Load Couplings

This letter presents a high-selectivity compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) with a flexibly controllable bandwidth, based on multi-path source-load couplings and a square-type split-ring resonator (STSRR). An STSRR, which is enclosed between the capacitively coupled source and load transmission feed lines, forms the structure of the proposed BPF. The main advantages of the proposed BPF lie in its simple structure and high selectivity due to multiple transmission zeros generated by multipath source-load couplings based on STSRR-enabled magnetic coupling between the feed lines with dual capacitive couplings. In addition, the bandwidth of the proposed BPF can be flexibly controlled by varying the magnetic coupling gap between the STSRR and the feed lines. The measured pass-band insertion and return loss of 0.83 and 27.23 dB, respectively, for a prototype BPF with a central frequency of 3.83 GHz and corresponding bandwidth of 12.98%, demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.

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Keywords: Bandpass filter; compact size; multipath coupling; selectivity; split ring resonator; transmission zero

M. Kumar, S. K. Parui, S. Das [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1056] [Download Citations]
Design of Miniaturized Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider Using Dual and Cascade Pi-Shaped Transmission Lines

This paper presents a design of compact dual-band Wilkinson power divider (WPD). The cascaded pi-shape and dual transmission lines are used instead of conventional transmission line sections of the reference WPD in order to miniaturize the circuit area. Therefore, 62% size reduction has been achieved without much affecting the performance of power divider. The insertion-loss of the output ports is within (3.4±0.3)dB, for the reflection coefficient is better than -15 dB and isolation is better than 18 dB at the lower frequency band of 1.1 GHz. Similarly the insertion loss is within (3.4±0.3) dB, for the reflection coefficient better than -18 dB and isolation better than at the upper frequency band of 2.55 GHz. The proposed WPD is analyzed, fabricated and tested. It is found that the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulated one.

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Keywords: Wilkinson power divider, dual-band, cascaded pi-shaped line, dual transmission line, miniaturization

W. Marynowski [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1064] [Download Citations]
Broadband Compact Single-Layer Magic-T Junction with Separation of DC Signals between All Ports

A novel structure for a four-port microstrip magic-T junction is presented. The device is composed of microstrip and slotline circuits etched onto two sides of a dielectric substrate. The device is extremely compact and occupies an area more than three times smaller than similar structures recently reported in the literature. The novelty of the device lies in the use of microstrip/slotline transitions for both input ports: summation (in-phase) port and difference (out-of-phase) port. This ensures electrical separation for DC signals between all four ports, a wide operation band and a very small size for the device. The fabricated prototype operates in a 95% fractional bandwidth with reflection losses better than 10 dB and isolation between input ports better than 35 dB. The insertion losses for the excitation at the summation port are about 0.8 dB and for the excitation at the difference port are about 1.4 dB. In the operation band of the device, the maximum amplitude imbalance is equal to +/-0.3 dB, whereas the maximum phase imbalance is equal to +/-4 deg.

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Keywords: Magic-T junction, microwave hybrid, in-phase/out-of-phase divider, power divider

T. Shao, S. Fang, Z. Wang, H. Liu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1070] [Download Citations]
A Compact Dual-Band Negative Group Delay Microwave Circuit

A compact dual-band negative group delay circuit (NGDC) is proposed. The proposed NGDC is composed of an open-circuited transmission line and two resistors connected by two transmission lines. The frequency ratio is controlled by the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines. To verify the design concept, a dual-band NGDC with the frequency ratio of n = 2 (Circuit A) and a broadband NGDC with n = 1.16 (Circuit B) are designed and fabricated. The measured group delay value of the Circuit A is -1.19 ns at the center frequencies of lower and upper bands. And the measured NGD bandwidth is 34.6% for the lower band and 16.5% for the upper band, in which the return loss and insertion loss are better than 16.9 dB and 18.2 dB, respectively. From the measurement results of Circuit B, a flat fractional NGD bandwidth of 19.8% with GD of (-1.58 ± 0.13) ns is obtained, in which the return loss and insertion loss are better than 23 dB and 32.5 dB, respectively.

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Keywords: Dual-band, broadband, negative group delay, compact, frequency ratio

P. Ourednik, P. Hudec [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1077] [Download Citations]
TRL-based Measurement of Embedded Circuits in Microwave Printed Circuit Boards Including Frequency Conversion

The paper deals with the measurement of individual components or circuits embedded in more complex radio frequency (RF) or microwave printed circuit board (PCBs). Since no standard RF measurement enables the direct parallel connection of an analyzer to the boards being tested, individual components are often measured by destructively cutting manufactured boards and by attaching the RF connectors to the concerned parts. This article shows that this problem, thanks to suitable calibration standards that have been designed and manufactured, can be solved by vector measurements and a TRL calibration process. The measurements also work when the boards to be measured include frequency conversion. The applicability of the developed method has been verified by practical measurements and its accuracy influenced by variations of the parameters of the surrounding circuits has been investigated by an uncertainty analysis.

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Keywords: Microwave measurement, calibration techniques, TRL calibration, vector network analyzer, uncertainty analysis

C.-G. Sun, J.-L. Li [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1085] [Download Citations]
Wideband Time Reversal of Microwave Signals Based on Phase Conjugating

A phase conjugating network to realize wideband time reversal of microwave signals is studied in this paper. After discussions on the operation principle of the reversed signal in the time and frequency domains, a prototype network based on phase-conjugating mixing is developed. A demonstrator is designed and fabricated, and two examinations are carried out to confirm the presented method. For a fixed LO signal, a chirp RF signal with 40-MHz bandwidth can be phase-conjugated mixing, thus time reversed effectively. To widen the operation bandwidth, a method named dynamically synchronous phase conjugating is proposed; this enables a microwave signal to be dynamically reversed by synchronously varying the LO frequency along with the RF frequency, thus achieving the phase-conjugating dynamically in a wide frequency band. The simulation and experiment results of a wideband microwave signal, ranging from 5.4 to 6.25 GHz under a measured conversion loss of ≤ 10 dB, verify our studies.

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Keywords: Time reversal, phase conjugating, mixing, synchronism

A. Naderi Saatlo, S. Ozoguz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1092] [Download Citations]
Wide Range High Precision CMOS Exponential Circuit Based on Linear Least Squares Approach

A new strategy to implement exponential circuit in CMOS technology is presented in this paper. The proposed method is based on the new approximation function optimized by linear least squares approach to extend the output dynamic range. The current mode method is employed for realization of circuits, because of simple circuitry and intuitive topology. Unlike to the some reported circuits which were designed in the subthreshold region, the proposed design operates in the saturation region which provides acceptable bandwidth for the circuit. In order to validate the circuit performance, the post layout simulation results are presented using HSPICE and Cadence with TSMC level 49 (BSIM3v3) parameters for 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The results demonstrate 78 dB output dynamic range with the linearity error less than ±0.5 dB which shows a remarkable improvement in comparison with previously reported works. A bandwidth of 67 MHz, maximum power consumption of 0.326 mW under supply voltage of 1.5 V, and 0.77% error for temperature variations are further achievement of the design.

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Keywords: Exponential function, new approximation, analog circuit, high precision

D. Cerny, J. Dobes, S. Banas [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1100] [Download Citations]
Efficient Procedure Improving Precision of High Conditioned Matrices in Electronic Circuits Analysis

In this article, we propose several improvements that could be done to SPICE simulator. The first is based on a functional implementation of device models. The advantages of functional implementation are demonstrated on basic Shichman-Hodges model of MOS transistor. It starts with a description of primary algorithms used in SPICE simulator for the solution of circuits with nonlinear devices and identify the problems that can occur during simulations.Main part of the article is devoted to improved factorization procedure for simulation of the nonlinear electronic circuits. The primary intention of the proposed method is to increase final precision of the result in a case of high condition linear systems. The procedure is based on a use of the iterative methods for solution of nonlinear and linear equations. Utilizing those methods for one iterative process helps to reduce memory consumption during simulation computation, and it can significantly improve simulation precision. The procedure allows to use enumeration with definable precision in a very efficient way.

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Keywords: SPICE simulator, functional programming, Lisp, iterative methods, factorization procedures, conditionality of linear systems, simulation precision

G. Perenic, N. Stamenkovic, N. Stojanovic, N. Denic [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1112] [Download Citations]
Chained-Function Filter Synthesis Based on the Modified Jacobi Polynomials

A new class of filter functions with pass-band ripple which derives its origin from a method of determining the chained function lowpass filters described by Guglielmi and Connor is introduced. The closed form expressions of the characteristic functions of these filters are derived by using orthogonal Jacobi polynomial. Since the Jacobi polynomials can not be used directly as filtering function, these polynomials have been adapted by using the parity relation for Jacobi polynomials in order to be used as a filter approximating function. The obtained magnitude response of these filters is more general than the magnitude response of published Chebyshev and Legendre chained function filter, because two additional parameters of modified Jacobi polynomials as two additional degrees of freedom are available. It is shown that proposed modified Jacobi chained function filters approximation also includes the Chebyshev chained function filters, the Legendre chained function filter, and many other types of filter approximations, as its special cases.

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Keywords: Chained functions, lowpass filters, modified Jacobi polynomials, return loss, LC ladder network

K. Meka, A. V. Giridhar, D. V. S. S. Siva Sarma [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1119] [Download Citations]
PD Source Location Utilizing Acoustic TDOA Signals in Power Transformer by Fuzzy Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization

Partial discharge (PD) source location using acoustic emission (AE) is widely utilized by many transformer manufacturers and power utility engineers in routine and critical situation for optimal operation of the electrical power system as well as further risk management and repair planning. The PD detection is not enough to take solution, so identification of PD source is essential to restore apparatus condition. This work aim is to localize the defect geometrically by means of TDOA (time difference of arrival) signals from the sensors fixed on the power transformer. The solution for PD source location is acquired by making these nonlinear equations as optimization problem. In this technique, the inertia weight is effectively regulated by using 49 and 9 simple IF-THEN fuzzy rules to improve the global optimal solution and impairs the local convergence problem and improves the accuracy in estimating the PD source location. The simulation results reveal that PD location accuracy with minimum of maximum deviation error, absolute error and relative error is better when compared to other constant parameter intelligent methods which were reported in the literature.

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Keywords: Acoustic emission, partial discharge, fuzzy adaptive particle swarm optimization, fuzzy rules, source localization

Hailin Li, Jialing Liu, Jie Sun, Aihua Cao, Can Jin, Jianjiang Zhou [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1128] [Download Citations]
Robust Hybrid Algorithm of PSO and SOCP for Grating Lobe Suppression and against Array Manifold Mismatch

Based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) algorithm, this paper proposes a hybrid optimization method to suppress the grating lobes of sparse arrays and improve the robustness of array layout. With the peak side-lobe level (PSLL) as the objective function, the paper adopts the particle swarm optimization as a global optimization algorithm to optimize the elements’ positions, the convex optimization as a local optimization algorithm to optimize the elements’ weights. The effectiveness of the grating lobes suppression (as low as -32.13 dB) by this method is illustrated through its application to the sparse linear array when the actual steering vector is known. To enhance the robustness of the optimized array, a rebuilt robust convex optimization model is adopted in the optimization of both array excitations and layout. When the array manifold mismatch error is 1cm, the PSLL by the robust algorithm can be compressed to -27dB, compared to that of -24dB by the ordinary optimization. Results of a set of representative numerical experiments show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can obtain a more robust array layout and matched elements’ weight coefficients to avoid the huge degradation of the array pattern performance in the presence of array manifold mismatch errors. The good performance of pattern synthesis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed robust algorithm.

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Keywords: Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO), Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP), array manifold mismatch, grating lobes suppression, hybrid algorithm

V. Abromavicius, A. Serackis, A. Katkevicius, D. Plonis [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1138] [Download Citations]
Evaluation of EEG-based Complementary Features for Assessment of Visual Discomfort based on Stable Depth Perception Time

The investigation aimed at the evaluation of EEG activity during stereoscopic perception of images with different levels of visual comfort. Different levels of disparity and the number of details in stereoscopic views in some cases make it difficult to find the focus point for comfortable depth perception quickly. During our investigation, we found a tendency for differences in single sensor-based EEG signal activity at specific frequencies. A dataset of EEG signal records from 19 control subjects was collected and used for further evaluation. To support the reproducible research this dataset of EEG activity with associated subjective scores was made publicly available. During the experimental investigation, we found differences in EEG signal activity at different levels of visual comfort. In addition, the dynamics of EEG signal activity correlated to the moment of depth perception indication registered by the control subjects. The results of our investigation show that the ratio of alpha estimated from a single EEG sensor placed over the frontal lobe can serve as a complementary feature for the automatic detection of visually uncomfortable stereoscopic views.

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Keywords: Binocular cues, quality of stereoscopic perception, EEG, depth perception, visual comfort

Z. Kollar, H. Al-Amaireh [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1147] [Download Citations]
FBMC Transmitters with Reduced Complexity

Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC) modulation is currently considered as one of the key enablers for future 5G technologies. In the literature, two approaches are applied for the modulation of FBMC signals: Frequency Spreading (FS) and PolyPhase (PP) implementation. The complexity requirements of FBMC transmitters is considered to be one of the key research fields. In this paper various FBMC implementations are compared in terms of complexity and quantization error. An alternative design approach is suggested: the two full size Inverse Fourier Transforms (IFFTs) in the standard PP can be replaced by two half size IFFTs taking advantage of real valued data processing. It is shown that the complexity of the design will be almost reduced by half. Furthermore, the proposed alternative method has the lowest quantization error among the investigated transmitter architectures, which is a key issue in hardware with low precision arithmetics.

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Keywords: FBMC, transmitter, low complexity, polyphase, IFFT

R. Karasek, F. Vejrazka [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1155] [Download Citations]
The DVB-T-Based Positioning System and Single Frequency Network Offset Estimation

As position information becomes more and more important in many fields of technology it is advantageous to recognize it in scenarios where satellite-based systems fail. Such a case is the scenario inside buildings where attenuation of a signal is too high making it impossible to receive despite the availability of terrestrial services. A positioning system based on terrestrial broadcasting is presented in this paper. The aim is to create an automatic receiver enabling a multi--sensor positioning system to be built and resulting in increased availability and reliability of position information. This paper introduces a method that demonstrates how to design a signal detector capable of operating in a multipath scenario. Finally, the most restrictive problem of the positioning system is the unknown time offset setting of individual emitters that render this system useless. A solution to this problem is proposed and tested in a real scenario. The innovative methods and algorithms presented in this paper show, for the first time, how to automatically evaluate position using digital video broadcasting. The result of an experiment with a real digital video broadcasting network is presented.

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Keywords: Signals of Opportunity, positioning, digital video broadcasting, DVB-T, OFDM, TDoA, mismatched filtration, CA-CFAR

I. Andrijauskas, M. Vaitkunas, R. Adaskevicius [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1166] [Download Citations]
Generalized Roughness Bearing Faults Diagnosis Based on Induction Motor Stator Current

Despite their reliability, induction motors tend to fail. Around 41% of faults in motors are bearing related and that is the most common fault in motor field. Due to the lack of research on generalized roughness bearing fault diagnostics by use of a stator current spectrum, the presented study analyses both single-point and generalized roughness bearing faults and their classification possibilities. In this paper, a new method for generalized roughness ball bearing fault identification by use of a stator current signal analysis is presented. The algorithm relies on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Welch's spectral density analysis. The composition of both methods is used for building a feature vector for the classifier. In order to achieve classification, support vector machine classifier with linear kernel function has been applied. The validation experiment and results are presented.

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Keywords: Induction motor, stator current spectrum, wavelet decomposition, Welch’s spectral density, bearing fault diagnosis

A. Lebl, D. Mitic, B. Trenkic, Z. Markov [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1174] [Download Citations]
Determination of Base Station Emission Power Change in a Mobile Network Cell with Movable Users

This paper considers base transceiver station (BTS) emission power change in the cell-organized mobile network with dynamic power control, due to users’ moving. Such power adjustment contributes to energy saving and environment pollution reduction. We analyzed mutual influence of user’s moving speed, users’ surface distribution and propagation coefficient γ on BTS power variations. It is proved that users’ concentration near BTS, greater γ (in urban areas), faster user’s moving and greater connection duration contribute to BTS power increase of several tens of percent in real conditions. We present two examples when mean user’s moving distance is 30% of mobile cell radius: 1) power of one movable user is increased more than 50% when distance between user and BTS is uniformly distributed (decreasing users’ surface density); 2) emission power is decreased 2.5% when users are uniformly distributed (there are more users near a cell rim). BTS power has nearly constant value in the second example, because in our model users, crossing the cell rim, are replaced by users from adjacent cells, who are moving towards BTS. The analysis results are verified by Monte Carlo simulation, where user’s starting position, displacement and angle of moving are determined based on randomly generated numbers.

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Keywords: Base station, emission power, user’s moving, handover.

H. S. Silva, M. S. de Alencar, W. J. L. de Queiroz, R. de A. Coelho, F. Madeiro [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1183] [Download Citations]
Bit Error Probability of M-QAM under Impulsive Noise and Fading Modeled by Markov Chains

This article presents new exact expressions, written in terms of elementary transcendental functions, for calculating the bit error probability of M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) scheme considering the wireless communication channel modeled by a Markov chain with N states. For the numerical evaluation of the expressions obtained, a particular case of a Markov chain with two states is considered, with each state representing distinct scenarios. In the first scenario it is considered the presence of Gated Additive White Gaussian Noise (GAWGN) and fading eta-mu or kappa-mu, while the second scenario considers the presence of the Double Gated Additive White Gaussian Noise (G2AWGN) and fading eta-mu or kappa-mu. Bit error probability curves as a function of the signal-to-permanent-noise ratio for different values of the signal-to-impulsive-noise ratio, fading parameters and modulation order M are also presented.

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Keywords: Markov chains, eta-mu fading, kappa-mu fading, bit error probability, impulsive noise

T. Li, Z. Tang, J. Wei, Z. Zhou, B. Wang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2018.1191] [Download Citations]
An Unambiguous Tracking Technique for Cosine-Phased BOC Signals with Low Complexity

A low-complexity unambiguous tracking method for cosine-phased binary offset carrier (BOCc) signals is proposed in this paper. The proposed method directly constructs a code discriminator function by multiplying two correlation functions. One local reference signal is a specifically designed auxiliary signal whose cross-correlation function with the BOCc signal is an unambiguous S-curve. The other reference signal is a replica BOCc signal whose correlation function with the BOCc signal is used as a "cover" to maintain the slope of the discriminant function as much as possible and to make the final discriminant function non-coherent.The proposed discriminator function has only a single main lock point and can make tracking reliable and unambiguous. In contrast to the traditional unambiguous early-minus-late methods, the proposed method needs only the prompt branch correlator outputs, and the correlation process of the BOCc signal with input signals is the same as that of the carrier loop process. As a result, the proposed method reduces the number of correlators by at least three-quarters. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has higher code tracking accuracy, lower tracking threshold and better anti-multipath performance than those of PUDLL, SF and SPAR. In conclusion, the proposed method completely eliminates tracking ambiguity, significantly improves tracking performance and reduces implementation complexity.

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Keywords: BOC, unambiguous tracking, local auxiliary signal, low complexity, GNSS