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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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June 2021, Volume 30, Number 2 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021-2]

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K. S. Mayer, J. A. Soares, D. S. Arantes [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0261] [Download Citations]
A Nonlinear Concurrent Butterfly Equalizer

Optical communication systems operating with high data rates and dual-polarization are frequently disrupted by chromatic and polarization mode dispersions. Fixed filters usually mitigate chromatic dispersion; on the other hand, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), due to its stochastic behavior, is reduced by adaptive filters, such as channel equalizers. In this context, this article proposes a novel blind equalization architecture, based on the nonlinear modified concurrent equalizer (NMCE) expanded to a butterfly structure. The proposed nonlinear concurrent butterfly equalizer (NCBE) combines the reduced uncertainty and the sharper decision regions of the NMCE in both X and Y polarizations, resulting in improved performance. The NCBE is compared with the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), the modified CMA (MCMA), and the concurrent CMA-SDD (soft direct decision), all of them in butterfly architectures and with fractionally-spaced equalization. Results show that the proposed solution presents a reduced bit error rate (BER) and steady-state mean squared error (MSE) figures compared with the CMA, MCMA, and CMA-SDD equalizers the NCBE cross-shaped noise of the nonlinear equalizer output. Also, the NCBE can operate at higher values of PMD compared to the least mean square (LMS) equalizer without the necessity of delaying polarization X, Y, or both.

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Keywords: Data center interconnect, equalization architecture, blind equalizers, polarization mode dispersion

D. Perez-Calderon, V. Baena Lecuyer, A. C. Oria Oria, J. Garcia Doblado [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0271] [Download Citations]
Non-Uniform Constellations for Polarization Division Multiplexed CO-OFDM Systems

In this paper we propose a~transmission scheme for Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems with Multiple Input - Multiple Output (MIMO) processing. Our proposal consists of the concatenation of two techniques, Non-Uniform Constellations (NUC) in the mapper, and Spatial Multiplexing (SM) in the implementation of Polarization-Division Multiplexed (PDM) systems. The main target of the proposed scheme is to reduce the overall performance loss introduced by Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) and Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) in PDM-CO-OFDM systems. This approach will be compared to techniques traditionally used in CO-OFDM links as Golden codes and Silver codes as well as traditional SM. The full transmission chain has been modelled using Matlab. Simulations have been run to check the performance improvement achievable by our proposal showing a~gain of up to 0.82 dB in the carrier to noise compared to traditional schemes, with no additional hardware complexity at the receiver side.

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Keywords: MIMO, coherent optical OFDM systems, non-uniform constellations, polarization mode dispersion, polarization dependent loss

R. K. Dash, P. B. Saha, D. Ghoshal, G. Palai [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0278] [Download Citations]
CPW Fed Koch Modified Fractal Antenna Backed with Partial Ground for Multiband Wireless Applications

In this article, modified Koch fractal geometry-based patch antenna up to second iteration is implemented with partial ground configuration to achieve multiband response with wideband behavior at each of the resonating bands. The antenna is designed to operate over C and X bands that can be useful for Satellite, Radar and DBS TV applications. FR-4 epoxy substrate of maximum dimension 35×30×1.6 〖mm〗^3 (0.70λ_0×0.6λ_0×0.03λ_0 ) is used to simulate the antenna in HFSS 15 (λ_0 is the free space wavelength corresponding to the lowest resonance frequency). The design is started with a truncated star shape patch and ended up with five circular slots embedded Koch fractal through several design steps. In addition, coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding is applied to achieve multiband response and wideband behavior over each operating band. The proposed antenna exhibits multiband response at 6.06 GHz, 9.76 GHz, 10.92 GHz, 11.68 GHz and 14.4 GHz with operating bands (5.8 – 6.31 GHz), (9.2 – 10.08 GHz), (10.78 – 12.36 GHz) and (13.64 – 15 GHz) respectively. A fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna is tested using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). It has shown adequate amount of matching between the simulation and measured results.

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  22. RAO, N., DINESH KUMAR, V. Miniaturization of microstrip patch antenna for satellite communication: A novel fractal geometry approach. Wireless Personal Communication, 2017, vol. 97, p. 3673–3683. DOI 10.1007/s11277-017-4691-4
  23. SONAK, R., AMEEN, M., CHAUDARY, R. K. Triple band omnidirectional miniaturized metamaterial inspired antenna using flipped rectangular stub for LTE, WiMAX, and WLAN applications. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer Aided Engineering, 2019, vol. 29, no. 7, p. 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/mmce.21721

Keywords: CPW feeding, modified Koch fractal, multiband, partial ground, truncated patch, wideband

T. Duraisamy, S. Kamakshy, S. S. Karthikeyan, R. K. Barik, Q. S. Cheng [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0288] [Download Citations]
Compact Wideband SIW Based Bandpass Filter for X, Ku and K Band Applications

This paper presents a miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) with characteristics of wider passband and stopband rejection using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Slot loading mechanisms deployed on the upper layer of SIW and defective ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane are utilized to achieve wider passband and stopband respectively. The slots on the top layer along with DGS significantly enhances the selectivity of the filter by generating three transmission zeros (TZs) on the upper side of the passband. The proposed filter is simulated using full-wave simulators and the performance is validated through fabrication and testing of the prototype. The proposed SIW filter exhibits a low insertion loss of 1.52 dB over a wider passband from 9.17 GHz to 20.31 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 76%. Further, a wider upper stopband is achieved with the rejection of more than 16 dB in the frequency range of 23 GHz to 40 GHz. The filter provides a flat group delay response of approximately 0.19 ns over the wider passband. The electrical size of the fabricated prototype is 1.05λg × 0.67λg, where λg denotes the guided wavelength in the dielectric substrate at the center frequency of 16 GHz.

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Keywords: Substrate integrated waveguide, band pass filter, compact, transmission zero, bow-tie shaped slot

T. K. Das, S. Chatterjee [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0296] [Download Citations]
Harmonic Suppression by Using T-shaped Spur-Line in a Compact Hairpin-Line Bandpass Filter

This article exhibits the design of a fourth-order compact hairpin-line filter centered at 2.5 GHz and 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 5% along with a sharp roll-off factor and wide stopband characteristics required for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Miniaturization of the conventional hairpin-line filter has been achieved by folding the open end arms twice towards the inward direction and accordingly, a size reduction of 42% has been obtained. Subsequently, T-shaped spur-lines with optimum dimensions have been incorporated at both the inner and outer edges of the coupled arms of the folded hairpin-line cell. Accordingly, two fourth-order folded filters with outer T-shaped and double T-shaped spur-lines have been designed and verified experimentally. An extended stopband with a rejection level of 39 dB up to 3.2f_0 along with a size reduction of 46% has been achieved.

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Keywords: Folding, hairpin-line filters, spur-line, harmonic suppression

R. Yang, F. Wan, J. Nebhen, S. Lallechere, B. Ravelo [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0304] [Download Citations]
Parametric Geometrical Study of OOO-Microstrip Circuit with Dual-Band Bandpass NGD Behavior

This paper introduces a bandpass (BP) NGD circuit design engineering. The developed circuit is de¬signed and implemented using distributed microstrip tech-nology and operates with outstanding dual-band bandpass NGD performance added with low attenuation. The BP NGD topology presents an innovative geometrical shape represented by an OOO (triple O) structure composed of multi-parameter parallel transmission lines (TLs) based elements. The OOO type NGD circuit is mainly composed of different physical length TLs and two identical coupled lines (CLs). Then extensive parameter NGD analyses are elaborated to investigate on the influences of each physical size of OOO circuit on the NGD performances. Through the difference of physical length of transmission line, the delay can be adjusted. Through the results of simulation and measurement, it can be seen that the center frequency points are about 0.75 GHz and 1.46 GHz respectively, and the time delay is about –1.83 ns and –2.6 ns respectively.

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Keywords: Negative group delay (NGD), bandpass NGD function, dual-band frequency, OOO-microstrip circuit, parametric analyses

K. F. Ji, J. Gao, X. Cao, J. Han, H. Yang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0314] [Download Citations]
Design of Ultra-wideband Low RCS Reflecting Screen Based on Phase Gradient Metasurface

In order to realize full phase coverage of 360° and abnormal reflection of incident wave, one kind of metasurface unit-cell with double diagonal opening cross petal and two types of one and two dimensional phase gradient metasurface with elements arranged on 6×6 array whose phase difference is 60°, were designed and constructed in this paper based on the abnormal reflection principle of phase gradient metasurface. By rotating the two phase gradient metasurfaces and arranging them in a spiral manner, three types of ultra-wideband low Radar Cross Section (RCS) reflecting screens with different unit configurations were devised. HFSS 14.0 was used for simulation experiment and the relative bandwidth of RCS reduction above 10 dB is respectively 34.5%、28.8% and 28.1%. Moreover, the peak value of RCS reduction can reach 44.9 dB. After testing the three reflecting screens in a microwave anechoic chamber, it was found that the measured results were basically in agreement with the simulation data, which verified the feasibility of the design. The design of reflecting screen proposed in this paper can provide a new method and approach for new ultra-wideband stealth technology.

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Keywords: Phase gradient metasurface, ultra-wideband, low RCS

T. Liu, L. Zhang, Z. G. Zeng, S. J. Wei [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0323] [Download Citations]
Study on the Composite Electromagnetic Scattering from 3D Conductor Multi-Objects above the Rough Surface

The traditional algorithm for the composite electromagnetic scattering from 3D conductor multi-objects above the rough surface has such weaknesses as slow computation speed and large memory consumption. On the basis of the fast algorithm integrated with the traditional coupling method of moment and physical optics method, this paper uses the multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMA) and fast far-field approximation (FAFFA) to accelerate the multiplication of matrix vector between the object and environment, which greatly improves the computation speed and reduces the memory consumption. This paper adopts the dual Debye sweater permittivity model simulate the real sea surface environment, establishes the coupling MoM-PO model of composite scattering from multi-objects on and above the sea surface, and obtains the composite electromagnetic scattering coefficient in virtue of the interaction between object area and rough surface area calculated by the MLFMA and FAFFA. At the same time, the changes of composite scattering coefficient along with the change of object spacing, size, incident angles, tilt angle, type and sea surface wind speed are analyzed in detail. The computation results show that the hybrid method consisting of the method of moment accelerated by MLFMA and FAFFA and physical optics method brings higher accuracy and computation efficiency (the computation time and memory consumption are 62% and 82% of the method of moment respectively).

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Keywords: Hybrid method, 3D multiple targets, composite scattering

T. Okan [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0335] [Download Citations]
A Wideband Conductor Backed Coplanar Waveguide Fed Implantable Antenna Operable in Different Tissues for Biotelemetry Applications

A wideband biocompatible implanted antenna is designed for wireless biotelemetry applications at industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band (2.4-2.48 GHz). The antenna is fed by a conductor backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW) structure and two H-shaped slots are etched side by side on the patch of the antenna to create a resonance at the desired frequency. The experimental and simulation measurements are performed by using skin, fat and muscle tissue layers. The impedance bandwidth (S_11≤-10 dB) of the proposed antenna is measured as 0.406 GHz (2.272 - 2.678 GHz), when the fabricated antenna is implanted inside a three-layered human body mimicking gel. By using the advantage of having a wide bandwidth, the designed antenna is analyzed inside different tissue types and tissue thicknesses. For every obtained simulation and experimental result, it is observed that the antenna always covers the ISM band, which is the most significant contribution of this study. The size of the implantable antenna is 16×13×1.93 mm3, where both sides of the antenna is covered by a superstrate material to extend the life of the antenna inside the tissue.

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  3. SAHA, P., MITRA, D., PARUI, S. K. A frequency and polarization agile disc monopole wearable antenna for medical applications. Radioengineering, 2020, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 74–80. DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0074
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  7. OKAN, T., AKÇAM, N. Wideband low cost FR4 epoxy based antenna with H-shaped slot for V-band applications. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2021, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/mmce.22348
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Keywords: Biomedical applications, coplanar waveguide (CPW), implantable antennas, industrial scientific medical (ISM) band

S. Bijimanzil Abdulkareem, S. Gopalakrishnan [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0342] [Download Citations]
Modelling of a Polarization Insensitive UWB FSS with Band Stop Response

This paper presents a compact ultra-wideband frequency selective surface (FSS) with band stop response. The proposed single layer FSS is printed on FR-4 substrate with a unit cell periodicity of 0.138λ_0 × 0.138λ_0, corresponding to its lowest operating frequency. The developed FSS exhibits stable response for plane waves with normal and oblique incidence with TE and TM polarization for angles varying from 0° to 60°. The FSS offers -10dB bandwidth of 141 % covering the entire ultra-wideband frequency range from 2.39 GHz to 13.67 GHz. The structural parameters are optimized, and an equivalent circuit is modelled to analyze the performance of FSS. The simulated results are validated by the measured values.

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Keywords: Frequency selective surface, periodic structure, ultrawideband, bandstop, wireless communication

T. Satitchantrakul, D. Torrungrueng [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0349] [Download Citations]
Design of Reactance-to-Reactance Impedance Transformers Based on Conjugately Characteristic-Impedance Transmission Lines (CCITLs) and Meta-Smith Charts (MSCs)

This paper proposes a novel technique to miniaturize the size of any reactance-to-reactance transformers (RRTs). These transformers are designed based on conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines (CCITLs) and Meta-Smith charts (MSCs). Note that the proposed technique can be effectively applied to popular microwave circuits; i.e., open-circuited and short-circuited tuning stubs as special cases. Numerical results are calculated, analyzed and compared with those of conventional stubs. In addition, the RRT prototype based on CCITLs is designed, simulated and measured to verify the proposed technique. It is found that the properly designed RRT prototype based on CCITLs can provide shorter electrical and physical lengths than those of the conventional RRT prototype indeed.

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Keywords: Conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission line, reactance-to-reactance transformer, open-circuited stub, short-circuited stub, Meta-Smith charts

F. Paulu, J. Hospodka [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0357] [Download Citations]
Design of Fully Analogue Artificial Neural Network with Learning Based on Backpropagation

A fully analogue implementation of training algorithms would speed up the training of artificial neural networks.A common choice for training the feedforward networks is the backpropagation with stochastic gradient descent. However, the circuit design that would enable its analogue implementation is still an open problem. This paper proposes a fully analogue training circuit block concept based on the backpropagation for neural networks without clock control. Capacitors are used as memory elements for the presented example. The XOR problem is used as an example for concept-level system validation.

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Keywords: Fully analogue, analogue circuit, neural network, neuromorphic, backpropagation

J. Kubak, J. Stastny, P. Sovka [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0364] [Download Citations]
An Embedded Implementation of Discrete Zolotarev Transform Using Hardware-Software Codesign

The Discrete Zolotarev Transform (DZT) brings an improvement in the field of spectral analysis of non-stationary signals. However, the transformation algorithm called Approximated Discrete Zolotarev Transform (ADZT) suffers from high computational complexity. The Short Time ADZT (STADZT) requires high segment length, 512 samples, and more, while high segment overlap to prevent information loss, 75 % at least. The STADZT requirements along with the ADZT algorithm computational complexity result in a rather high computational load. The algorithm computational complexity, behavior, and quantization error impacts are analyzed. We present a solution which deals with high computational load employing co-design methods targeting Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The system is able to compute one-shot DZT spectrum 2 048 samples long in ≈ 22ms. Real-time STADZT spectrum of a mono audio signal of 16 kHz sampling frequency can be computed with overlap of 91 %.

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Keywords: Discrete Zolotarev Transform (DZT), Approximated Discrete Zolotarev Transform (ADZT), embedded hardware, hardware-software co-design, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), VHDL

M. Sajedin, I. Elfergani, J. Rodriguez, M. Violas, A. Asharaa, R. Abd-Alhameed, M. Fernandez-Barciela, A. M. Abdulkhaleq [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0372] [Download Citations]
Multi-Resonant Class-F Power Amplifier Design for 5G Cellular Networks

This work integrates a harmonic tuning mechanism in synergy with the GaN HEMT transistor for 5G mobile transceiver applications. Following a theoretical study on the operational behavior of the Class-F power amplifier (PA), a complete amplifier design procedure is described that includes the proposed Harmonic Control Circuits for the second and third harmonics and optimum loading conditions for phase shifting of the drain current and voltage waveforms. The performance improvement provided by the Class-F configuration is validated by comparing the experimental and simulated results. The designed 10W Class-F PA prototype provides a measured peak drain efficiency of 64.7% at 1dB compression point of the PA at 3.6 GHz frequency.

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  7. DHAR, S. K., SHARMA, T., ZHU, N., et al. Design methodology of broadband continuous class-F power amplifiers for sub-6-GHz 5G applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2020, vol. 68, no. 7, p. 3120–3133. DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2020.2984603
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Keywords: Power amplifiers, GaN HEMT, class-F, power dissipation, heat transfer

R. Dastanian, M. Askari [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0381] [Download Citations]
A 0.5V 110nW Sensor for Temperature Monitoring of Perishable Foods

Real-time monitoring solution is essential for the perishable food to estimate the food quality and to predict its shelf life. In this paper an on-chip temperature sensor which is applicable for UHF RFID passive tag is proposed. MOSFET is used as the sensitive element to the temperature. Since the transistors are biased in sub-threshold region, the power consumption is decreased. To converting proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) and complimentary-to-absolute-temperature (CTAT) voltages to the digital code, the delay generator and 8-bit ripple counter are utilized. For designing binary counter, a low power and high speed D-flip flap (D-FF) based on gate diffusion input (GDI) technique is employed. The proposed temperature sensor dissipates 110nW power while the supply voltage is 0.5 V. Simulated in TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology, the total chip area is 0.0104 mm^2 and the error is -0.3/0.7°C in the temperature range of -20°C to 10°C.

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Keywords: UHF RFID, on-chip temperature sensor, low power consumption, perishable food, CTAT, PTAT

M. M. Pishrow, J. Abouei, H. Ghaferi [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0388] [Download Citations]
Design of Matched and Mismatched Filters Based on Peak Sidelobe Level Minimization

‎This paper focuses on the design of matched filters with low peak sidelobe level as well as mismatched‎ ‎filters with low loss in processing gain and peak sidelobe level‎, ‎for phase codes‎. ‎We propose an algorithm ‎which employs the least-p-th norm minimax based on the genetic algorithm‎, ‎and a method based on the‎ ‎semidefinite programming to deal respectively with the resulting matched and mismatched optimization problems‎. A framework is also presented to design mismatched filters that are robust to Doppler shifts. ‎Simulation results show that using the proposed methods for finding matched filters leads to better peak sidelobe‎ ‎level and integrated sidelobe level for binary and polyphase codes compared to previous works‎. ‎In addition‎, ‎the mismatched filters designed by the proposed methods have very low peak sidelobe level in‎ ‎the binary and polyphase cases‎.

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Keywords: Matched filter‎, ‎mismatched filter‎, ‎peak sidelobe level‎, ‎loss in processing gain‎, ‎Doppler robustness

Y. S. Yan, W.-Q. Wang, A. Basit, J. Y. Cai [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0396] [Download Citations]
Airborne FDA-MIMO Radar Modeling and Detection Performance Analysis

In the conventional frequency diverse array (FDA) radar designs, generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detection utilizes coherent pulses. However, the impacts of an FDA multiple-input multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar system for detection with incoherent pulses have not been systematically investigated. In this paper, we present an incoherent square-law detector to analyse the performance of both the coherent and non-coherent airborne FDA-MIMO radars in a Neyman-Pearson sense. Moreover, the closed-form expressions of an incoherent square-law detector for the FDA-MIMO radars are derived. For a coherent FDA-MIMO radar, the optimal performance is achieved at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), whereas the superiority of a non-coherent FDA-MIMO radar in distinguishing range dependent targets is validated. The corresponding theoretical derivations are verified by the extensive numerical results to show an improved performance.

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Keywords: Coherent and non-coherent FDA-MIMO radar, airborne radar, square-law detector, incoherent pulses, Neyman-Pearson sense, detection performance, range dependent targets

Y. Gong, C. Cui [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0407] [Download Citations]
A Measurement Set Partitioning Algorithm Based on CFSFDP for Multiple Extended Target Tracking in PHD Filter

The extended target probability hypothesis den¬sity (ET-PHD) filter is a promising approach for multiple extended target tracking. One crucial problem of the ET-PHD filter is partitioning the measurement set. This paper proposes a partitioning algorithm based on clustering by fast search and find density peaks (CFSFDP). Firstly, we adopt CFSFDP algorithm to partition the measurement set and the field theory is introduced to determine the cutoff distance of the CFSFDP algorithm. Then, the cluster center of the CFSFDP algorithm is determined according to solved cutoff distance and measurement rate. Finally, as the CFSFDP algorithm cannot handle the case in which targets are spatially close, an improved sub-partitioning method is implemented. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has less computational complexity and stronger robustness than the existing algorithm without losing tracking performance.

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Keywords: Probability hypothesis density filter, extended target tracking, measurement set, cutoff distance, sub-partitioning

J. Ahmad, I. Touqir, A. M. Siddiqui [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0417] [Download Citations]
Efficient Dark Channel Prior Based Blind Image De-blurring

Dark channel prior for blind image de-blurring has attained considerable attention in recent past. An interesting observation in blurring process is that the value of dark channel increases after averaging with adjacent high intensity pixels. Lo regularization is proposed to curtail the value of dark channel. Half quadratic splitting method is used to solve the non-convex behavior of Lo regularization. Furthermore, Discrete Wavelet Transform has been incorporated prior to de-blurring to increase the efficiency of algorithm. The most significant finding of this paper is a universal blind image de-blurring algorithm with reduced computational complexity. Experiments are performed and their results are comparable with state of the art de-blurring methods to evaluate the performance of algorithm. Experimental results also reveals that wavelet based dark channel prior image de-blurring is efficient for both uniform and nonuniform blur

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Keywords: dark channel prior, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), latent image, blur kernel, sparsity

R. S. Rabaca, F. Jerji, C. Akamine [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0422] [Download Citations]
Implementation of a 3-layer LDM Broadcast System Backward-compatible with ISDB-TB

This paper presents an implementation of a 3-layer transmitter and receiver using Layer Division Multiplexing (LDM), in Software Defined Radio (SDR). The main idea of this work is to show another point of view of the traditional LDM technique that uses two layers. This proposal uses an attenuated intermediate layer, called Middle Layer (ML), between the highest power layer, called Upper Layer (UL), and the most attenuated layer, called Lower Layer (LL). The UL is fully compatible with the Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial - Version B (ISDB-TB). The ML, with greater robustness, and LL, with higher capacity, use powerful channel coders, a custom frame size and an adapted bit interleaver. With the use of this modified LDM, it is possible to develop a system with different robustness levels between layers and with lower layers that complement each other, to achieve bit rates that allow for the deployment of High Definition Television (HDTV), in the UL, and Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV), in the ML and LL. In addition, a system was also implemented with three layers, but with the ML with higher capacity and the LL with greater robustness. The performance of the 3-layer system was compared with the 2-layer LDM technique and there was an improvement in the system modularity, without a decrease in the bit rate.

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  56. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION - TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR (ITU-T). Versatile Video Coding - Recommendation ITU-T H.266 (manual). [Online] Cited 2020-12-14. Available at: https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?id=14336

Keywords: ISDB-TB, LDM, Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC), SDR

S. K. Koduri , T. K. Kumar [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0435] [Download Citations]
DWT-DCT-Based Data Hiding for Speech Bandwidth Extension

The limited narrowband frequency range, about 300-3400Hz, used in telephone network channels results in less intelligible and poor-quality telephony speech. To address this drawback, a novel robust speech bandwidth extension using Discrete Wavelet Transform- Discrete Cosine Transform Based Data Hiding (DWTDCTBDH) is proposed. In this technique, the missing speech information is embedded in the narrowband speech signal. The embedded missing speech information is recovered steadily at the receiver end to generate a wideband speech of considerably better quality. The robustness of the proposed method to quantization and channel noises is confirmed by the mean square error test. The enhancement in the quality of reconstructed wideband speech of the proposed method over conventional methods is reasserted by subjective listening and objective tests.

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Keywords: Telephone networks, speech bandwidth extension, telephony speech enhancement, speech quality, DWT-DCT-based data hiding.

I. E. Lager, M. Stumpf [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0443] [Download Citations]
Amplitude-modulated, Cosine PE and WP Pulses: Theory and Applicability

The amplitude-modulated, cosine power-exponential (PE) and windowed-power (WP) pulses are discussed, by insisting on their time-domain normalization. Illustrative examples of signatures and their correspondent frequency-domain behavior are given. These examples compellingly demonstrate the possibility to replace non-causal pulses of prevalent use by causal, or even time-windowed, pulses with closely resembling signatures.

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Keywords: Causality, time-domain analysis, pulse generation

V. Platenka, A. Mazalek [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2021.0449] [Download Citations]
CipherCAD Testbed

The CipherCAD testbed is a unique workplace for the development, design, testing, verification and teaching of the communications systems. CipherCAD is at the core of the workplace, which is an application primarily designed for solving cryptographic tasks. The application can also be used for communicating with hardware communications devices. The workplace is used in the Department of Communications Technologies at the University of Defense. The article will present selected exam-ples used in this workplace. The introduction introduces CipherCAD and the possibilities for creating simple models. The first model to be selected shows how to control SDR IZ225 and process the signals received. The next model shows how selected modulated signals are gener-ated in real time, and their transmission throughout the whole chain of communications. The models that follow show how they can be used in the field of communications protocols, VoIP transfer and changing any of the parameters of the transmitted information.

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Keywords: CipherCAD, communication systems, model, digital receiver, VoIP