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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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September 2020, Volume 29, Number 3 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020-3]

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M. Komanec, D. Dousek, D. Suslov, S. Zvanovec [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0417] [Download Citations]
Hollow-Core Optical Fibers

Today hollow-core optical fibers (HCF) are on the verge of surpassing the attenuation benchmark of silica single-mode optical fibers used in optical communication. Compared to solid-core optical fibers, HCFs exhibit ultra-low nonlinearity, high damage threshold, low latency and temperature insensitivity, making them ideal candidates for high-speed data communication, high-resolution sensing, high-power delivery and precise interferometry. The main challenges of low insertion loss, suppressed back-reflections and fundamental mode coupling must be addressed to incorporate HCFs into existing fiber-optic systems to fully exploit their potential. This paper provides an overview of the HCF history, from early papers in the 1980s, over the invention of photonic-bandgap HCFs, to the recent achievements with antiresonant HCFs. Then light guiding mechanisms are presented and key HCF properties are discussed. Interconnection techniques to standard optical fibers are compared with respect to possible HCF applications. Fusion splicing results are presented with an~alternative interconnection solution based on a modified fiber-array technique newly developed by our team. Finally, cutting-edge HCF applications that take advantage of our HCF interconnection, are discussed.

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Keywords: Hollow-core fibers, photonic crystal fibers, antiresonant, photonic bandgap, interconnection, Fabry-Perot

M. Bazargani, B. Gharekhanlou, M. Banihashemi [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0431] [Download Citations]
Design of Optical 2-Channel Demultiplexer Using Selective Optofluidic Infiltration within Photonic Crystal Structure

In the current study, a compact demultiplexer for telecommunication applications using 2D photonic crystals with a hexagonal lattice structure is presented. This demultiplexer consists of two L6 resonant cavities as filters and 6 holes around each cavity for optofluidic infiltration. Through the use of this structure, the communication wavelengths of 1550 nm and 1567 nm with the transmission coefficient of 84% and 96% respectively can be selected without any change on the size of radius of holes. The average value of crosstalk between two channels is -18.35(dB). The plane wave expansion method is employed in order to extract the photonic band gap and the finite difference time domain method is implemented to study the behavior of propagation of light in the structure.

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Keywords: Photonic crystal, band gap, optofluidic, demultiplexer, resonant cavity

H. N. Parajuli, E. Udvary, J. Poette [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0438] [Download Citations]
Experimental Demonstration of the Potential 5G Based Multiplexed Radio Frequency Signals Transmission in Passive Optical Network

Future passive optical network (PON) designs with 5G have been expected to provide simultaneous multiple wireless signals to the end-users. In this regard, this paper for the first time proposes and experimentally demonstrates the simultaneous transmission of baseband 4-pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM), and radiofrequency (RF) filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and universal filter orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UF-OFDM) signals in a PON. A single optical wavelength from a laser source is used to demonstrate the signal transmission over a PON. The proposed system applies in one wavelength using one laser source for the PON. In contrast with conventional on-off keying (OOK) modulation format, 4-PAM modulation format can provide double bandwidth efficiency. Due to the property of high suppression for out of band emission, UF-OFDM and FBMC are considered as potential 5G modulation formats. In the optical line terminal (OLT), the composite signal consisting of 4-PAM, FBMC, and UF-OFDM is designed, generated, and transmitted using optical intensity modulation. The received signal is extracted in the optical network unit (ONU) and demodulated using digital signal processing techniques. Each of the above-mentioned modulation formats mentioned above is designed with a 2 Gbps data rate constituting a total of 6 Gbps aggregate data rate. The bit error rate (BER) and error vector magnitude (EVM) values have been measured after 25 km fiber length. Measurement results show EVM values below 12.5 % as a figure of merit as proposed by 3GPP LTE for 16 QAM modulation.

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Keywords: 5G, FBMC, passive optical network, radio over fiber, UF-OFDM, wired-wireless convergence , optical communication

M. S. P. dos S. Lima Junior, M. P. Halapi, E. Udvary [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0445] [Download Citations]
Design of a Real-Time Indoor Positioning System Based on Visible Light Communication

In this paper a real-time Indoor Positioning System (IPS) based on Visible Light Communication (VLC) is proposed, deployed and studied. It is composed of nine LED-based VLC transmitters instaled in the ceilling of an indoor invironment, each of them transmitting different ID codes that are detected by a photodiode-based mobile correlator receiver. The receiver is able to measure the distance between itself and the transmitters and use this information to estimate its own position in the environment. The distances are measured using Received Signal Strength (RSS), where initial experiments were executed in order to determine physical parameters of the system. Then, the 2D or 3D position is estimated by the receiver using multilateration in real-time. This paper also brings tests and discussions regarding the accuracy achieved by the deployed system.

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Keywords: Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), Visible Light Communications (VLC), Received Signal Strenght (RSS), multilateration

I. Gharbi, R. Barrak, A. Diallo, J. M. Ribero, H. Ragad, M. Menif [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0452] [Download Citations]
Investigation of Stacked Balanced-Fed Patch Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application

A stacked patch antenna with balanced feed operating in millimeter-wave band is proposed in this paper. Initially, a single balanced-fed patch antenna is designed in three layers. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna enhances the cross-polarization and the radiation gain of the conventional aperture coupled patch antenna. A maximum gain of 6.8 dBi is achieved with a bandwidth of 2 GHz around 26 GHz. The stacked patch antenna was fabricated using 0.65 mm AR1000 and 0.787mm RO5880 substrates. Measurement results of return loss agreed with the simulations and showed wide bandwidth which is required for future 5G communication terminals. To further increase the gain, we propose an integrated 8-element antenna array based on an 8-way Wilkinson power divider. The proposed design achieves a maximum gain of 14.1 dBi at 26 GHz with greatly reduced grating lobes and cross-polarization. The proposed antenna array represents a potential solution for the emerging 5G wireless applications.

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Keywords: Patch antenna array, 5G, aperture feed, Wilkinson power divider, 26 GHz band, balanced feed

Y. Bakirli, A. Selek, M. Secmen [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0460] [Download Citations]
Broadband Compact Quasi Yagi Antenna for UHF Wireless Communication Systems with Enhanced Performance at UHF ISM Bands

In this study, a broadband planar quasi Yagi antenna operated at ultra-high frequency (UHF) band is presented. The performance of the antenna is particularly improved for two popular UHF frequencies of 433 and 868 MHz used in several wireless communication applications such as Long Range (LoRa), Internet of Things (IoT), Machine-to-Machine (M2M), Wireless Meter bus (M-bus), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The proposed antenna includes a printed feed dipole with a ground reflector and two parasitic (director) elements on a substrate to keep total dimensions of the antenna within compact size. The parasitic elements are very thick and closely spaced to feed dipole. Significant increase in the bandwidth is obtained with the improved effects due to usage of tapered feed line and tapered reflector. The antenna’s 10-dB return loss bandwidth is measured more than 70% between 428 MHz and 896 MHz. The antenna offers moderate peak gain values of 5.5 dBi and 5 dBi; and front-to-back ratio (F/B) values of 12 dB and 14 dB at lower and higher parts of UHF band around 433 and 868 MHz, respectively. The peak gain and F/B ratio values are found to be minimum 4 dBi and 8.5 dB within the operating bandwidth, respectively.

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Keywords: Broadband antenna, UHF, planar, printed antenna, quasi Yagi, wireless communication

M. Rasool, A. Khan, F. Bhatti, B. Ijaz, A. Iftikhar [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0471] [Download Citations]
A Compact Circular Loop Inspired Frequency and Bandwidth Reconfigurable Antenna for 4G, 5G, and X- Band Applications

This paper presents a printed patch antenna design to achieve frequency and bandwidth reconfigurability. Two RF PIN diodes are simultaneously operated to achieve the multi-reconfigurability operation. The patch is inspired from a circular loop design. The basic structure of loop is altered, and PIN diodes are integrated into the patch. The antenna operates in dual band configuration at 3.42 and 8.02 GHz in the diodes ‘OFF’ state, whereas the antenna switches to triple band operation at 2.21, 4.85, and 10.19 GHz in the diodes ‘ON’ state. Moreover, the antenna also exhibits an increased bandwidth from 7.54 to 12 GHz in the diodes ‘ON’ state, as compared to a narrow bandwidth from 7.71 to 8.48 GHz in the diodes ‘OFF’ state. The proposed antenna structure is implemented and fabricated using FR4 epoxy substrate of relative permittivity 4.4, and thickness 1.6 mm. Implemented design exhibits measured gains of 3.06 dBi, 2.81 dBi, and 2.92 dBi at 2.21, 4.85, and 10.19 GHz in the PIN diodes ‘ON’ state, respectively, while in the PIN diodes ‘OFF’ state, at 3.42 GHz the gain is 3.03 dBi and at 8.02 GHz the gain is 3.37 dBi. Overall, simulation results agree well with the measured results.

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Keywords: Circular loop, PIN diodes, reconfigurable antennas, triple band operation

S. Kamal, A. S. B. Mohammed, M. F. Bin Ain, U. Ullah, R. Hussin, Z. A. Ahmad, M. Othman, M. F. Ab Rahman [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0479] [Download Citations]
A Novel Negative Meander Line Design of Microstrip Antenna for 28 GHz mmWave Wireless Communications

The increasing applications for nomadic computing have experienced enormous development over the preceding decade. This has eventually caused the lack of bandwidth. Therefore, to accomplish the need of consumers, compact antennas shall be designed for mmWave wireless communications. Consequently, this paper presents a novel negative meander line based microstrip antenna system being composed of inductors (L) and capacitors (C). A detailed impedance analysis of the configuration is reported. The effects of changing the radiating element’s width and length on the resonant frequency have been studied. The finalized arrangement involved 243 sq. mm area and functioned at 28 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.16 GHz. At resonant frequency, the system exhibited gain and efficiency values of 8.40 dBi and 83.51%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed design demonstrated better bandwidth and gain capabilities in comparison with the conventional microstrip patch antenna and meander line antenna.

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Keywords: Microstrip antenna, mmWave, negative meander line antenna, wireless communications

R. K. Parida, R. Swain, D. C. Panda, R. K. Mishra [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0486] [Download Citations]
A Broadband High Gain Circularly Polarized Antenna System for Cognitive Radio

This paper proposes a broadband high gain LHCP (left hand circular polarized) antenna system using a microstrip line fed slot antenna, reflecting surfaces, and linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP) transformer screen. Gain enhancement principle adopts Fabry-Perot (FP) method using phase compensation in partially reflecting surface (PRS) for increasing bandwidth from 720 MHz to 1.14 GHz. For linear polarization, the system gain is 20.1 dBi at 13.8 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.01 GHz. Using a polarization transformer screen for circular polarization, marginally decreases the gain to 18.8 dBi pulling down the frequency to 13.75 GHz with 3 dB axial ratio. Simulated results agree well with measured results from a fabricated prototype.

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Keywords: Cognitive radio, resonant cavity antenna, partially reflecting surface, circular polarization

A. N. Biswas, S. Ballav, A. Chatterjee, S. K. Parui [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0494] [Download Citations]
Evolution of Low-Profile Ultra-Wideband Frequency Selective Surface with a Stable Response and Sharp Roll-Off at Lower Band for C, X and Ku Band Applications

This paper focuses on two different design flows of how an ultra-wideband FSS can be achieved from a narrow band structure. By amalgamating a capacitive patch with a corrugated square slot structure, as the first approach while the second approach involved designing a dual layer FSS by etching the corrugated square slot at both top and the bottom layer of the substrate. A 98% bandwidth extending from 5.5 GHz to 16 GHz was achieved using the first approach while the modified structure yields about 107% bandwidth covering up the entire range from 5 GHz to 16.5 GHz, hence improving the performance in terms of bandwidth. The final modified FSS structure manifests the polarization insensitive nature as well as angle insensitivity up to 60 degree angle of incidence in terms of the entire range of the wide reflection band, and covering all the three bands (C, X and Ku band). The transmission coefficient manifests a stable response below 20 dB almost throughout the entire band without significant variation. The measured result shows good agreement with the experimented result validating the fabricated prototype and measurement. The bandwidth can be tuned by varying different parameters like corrugation dimension, dielectric permittivity, substrate height which have been explained in this paper.

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Keywords: Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), ultra-wideband, corrugation, polarization insensitive, roll-off factor, quality-factor

H. Bouazza, A. Lazaro, M. Bouya, A. Hadjoudja [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0504] [Download Citations]
A Planar Dual-Band UHF RFID Tag for Metallic Items

In this paper, a comparison of three tags based on modified patches for UHF RFID in term of size and read range performance is proposed. The antenna structure consists of a patch with an open stub and meander line for feed. The tags are dedicated to being mounted on metallic items and to operate on dual-band frequencies (European and American UHF RFID frequency bands). Moreover, the structure of the antennas is planar without any via holes or multilayers for a low cost and easy fabrication. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results has been obtained at 866 MHz and 915 MHz.

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Keywords: RFID, tags, read range, metal, impedance matching

C. Tepecik, I. Navruz, O. T. Altinoz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0512] [Download Citations]
Atmospheric Refractivity Estimation from Radar Sea Clutter Using Novel Hybrid Model of Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks

This paper is focused on solving the inversion problem of refractivity from clutter (RFC) technique. A novel hybrid model is developed that can estimate the atmospheric refractivity (M profile) with a high accuracy, for surface based duct case, which is most effective non¬standard propagation condition on radar observation. The model uses propagation factor curve in horizontal axis, whose characteristics is determined by M profile for esti¬mation. The model is based on artificial neural network, which includes a dynamic training data approach, and a problem adapted genetic algorithm. Dynamic training data set application is a nonstandard approach in neural network applications, in which every obtained result are dynamically added to data set during the estimation pro¬cess, for a better estimation. Firstly, neural network and genetic algorithm have been adapted to the characteristics of inversion problem separately. Then, the mentioned two methods have been harmonized and run together. Ulti-mately, the final algorithm has evolved into a complex adapted hybrid model, which is easily applicable to clutter data obtained by any real radar from the real environment. The results show that the proposed model presents consid¬erably effective solution to refractivity estimation problem.

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Keywords: Hybrid intelligent systems, radio wave propagation, surface based duct, parameter estimation

A. M. Faiz, M. F. Shafique, N. Gogosh, S. A. Khan, M. A. Khan [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0521] [Download Citations]
Dual HE11δ Mode CDRA for Polarization Diversity Applications in K Band Point-to-Point Communications

A dual port Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) has been demonstrated for K band (22 GHz) applications in this work. The antenna offers polarization diversity which is introduced by degenerating HE11δ modes in a single CDRA. Orthogonal feed lines produce two modes which are perpendicular so they don’t interfere with each other and offer excellent linear polarization diversity in orthogonal planes. Since the CDRA size is compact, the feed lines have been modified to assure the generation of desired modes. A detailed investigation into the generation of resonant modes along with parametric analysis is presented. Measured results show fractional bandwidth of 9.5% and 18.18% for both port 1 and port 2 respectively. Isolation of better than 32 dB has been measured between the two ports through transmission coefficient. Difference of about 20 dB between co-polarization and cross polarization in both planes for broadside direction has been measured which endorses the polarization diversity performance of the antenna. Different MIMO performance parameters including envelope correlation coefficient, total active reflection coefficient, channel capacity loss and mean effective gain have been measured to assess the performance of the design.

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Keywords: Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA), degenerated modes, hybrid modes, polarization diversity

P. Li, C. Xu, W. Wang, S. Su [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0529] [Download Citations]
Robust Student’s T Distribution Based PHD/CPHD Filter for Multiple Targets Tracking Using Variational Bayesian Approach

Measurement-outliers caused by non-linear observation model or random disturbance will lead to the accuracy decline of a target tracking filter. This paper proposes a robust probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter to handle the measurement-outlier problem based on Student’s T Kalman (TK) filtering technique and Variational Bayesian (VB) method. First, the non-standard measurement noise is considered to follow the Student’s T distribution. Second, the TK filtering technique is employed to update the target states. Third, the posterior likelihood is updated by the VB approach. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the optimal subpattern assignment (OSPA) error in the non-standard observation scenarios with measurement-outliers, compared with other typical multiple target tracking filters.

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Keywords: Multiple target tracking, PHD filter, Student’s T Kalman, Variational Bayesian, non-linear filter.

A. Lomayev, C. R. C. M. da Silva, A. Maltsev, C. Cordeiro, A. S. Sadri [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0540] [Download Citations]
Passive Presence Detection Algorithm for Wi-Fi Sensing

In this paper, we derive a signal processing algorithm that enables a Wi-Fi station to passively detect the presence of a potential user in its vicinity. It is assumed that the potential user either doesn’t carry a Wi-Fi device or, if it does, that its device does not participate in the detection procedure. Passive presence detection is performed by the station by means of tracking over time channel estimates obtained with packets transmitted by one or more stations in the Wi-Fi network, and determining when the user presence impacts the received signals. The proposed algorithm performs binary hypothesis testing and decides if a potential user is in the vicinity of the Wi-Fi station. It uses an estimate of the dynamic channel component power as the test statistic and compares it to a predefined threshold. As formulated in the paper, to increase the detection reliability, the power of the dynamic channel component is maximized by using an optimization procedure. Experimental results obtained with off-the-shelf Wi-Fi devices and with the proposed algorithm are presented which demonstrate the validity of the analytical formulation, as well as the feasibility of performing passive presence detection using a Wi-Fi network. In controlled residential and enterprise settings, the proposed algorithm provided a detection rate of 99.7% for a false alarm rate of less than 1%.

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Keywords: Passive presence detection, motion detection, Wi-Fi sensing, binary hypothesis testing, channel state information

T. A. Sheikh, J. Bora, M. A. Hussain [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0548] [Download Citations]
A Novel User and Antenna Selection Techniques in Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Communication System

In this paper, we have proposed a new paradigm for user scheduling in large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) time division duplexing (TDD) system. In this paper, we have selected the users from different groups with semi-orthogonal (SO) and random criterion. We separate the users in different groups with the K-means clustering algorithm which assigns the users into different groups. After user groups are so determined, we use two new user selection paradigms where users are selected in two methods- firstly we select the users in intra-group those are SO with each other along with it also SO with other groups’ users. Secondly, users are selected from inter-group those are SO with each other also SO with other group users. In both the selection schemes antennas are scheduled based on the maximum gain of the channel. In the results, it is noticed that in intra-group with semi-orthogonal user selection (SUS) and antenna selection (AS) using the zero-forcing (ZF) precoding shown the highest systems rate. We also evaluated the computation cost of our modified proposed algorithm which is exposed in table-1. We explored the efficiency of the proposed schemes through MATLAB simulations.

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Keywords: Intra-group, inter-group, massive MIMO, user selection, antenna scheduling, complexity

S. Amalorpava Mary Rajee, A. Merline [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0555] [Download Citations]
Machine Intelligence Technique for Blockage Effects in Next-Generation Heterogeneous Networks

Millimeter wave (mmWave) links such as 28 GHz and 60 GHz propose high data rates and capacity needed in 5G Heterogeneous network (Hetnet) real-time system. The key factors in network planning of Hetnet are the locations and links of base stations, and their coverage, transmitted power, antenna angle, orientation etc. How-ever, large-scale blockages like static buildings, human etc. affect the performance of urban Hetnets especially at mmWave frequencies. A mathematical framework to model dynamic blockages is adapted and their impact on cellular network performance is analyzed. A machine learning approach based on Q-learning with Epsilon-Greedy algo¬rithm is proposed to solve the blockage problem in such complex networks. The proposed results are evident and show the positive effect of increasing the base station den¬sity linearly with the blockage density to maintain the net¬work connectivity. The performance of the proposed Epsi¬lon-Greedy algorithm is compared with Epsilon-Soft algo-rithm. The performances of above said mmWave links are compared in terms of their coverage probability and throughput. The results show that an Epsilon-Greedy algo¬rithm outperforms an Epsilon-Soft algorithm.

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Keywords: Heterogeneous network, millimeter wave, dynamic blockage, Q-Learning, epsilon-greedy algorithm

C. Zhu, M. Song, X. Dang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0563] [Download Citations]
Design of OAM Beam Directional Modulation Signal in Communication and Guidance Integration

An orbital angular momentum directional modulation (OAM-DM) signal is proposed for communication and guidance integration. This signal is transmitted by a uniform circular antenna array (UCA). We divide the array into odd and even antenna groups. Each group is excited by differential coded digital modulation waveform to send different signal constellations in different directions. In order to improve the performance of angle estimation, we have designed specific phase shift sequences to obtain the different OAM modes. Mode detection can eliminate multiple value ambiguity of elevation and azimuth angles. The single antenna receiver can demodulate the OAM-DM signal to communicate, detect OAM modes and estimate angles in different directions. Finally, we assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach via numerical simulation.

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Keywords: Directional modulation, signal design, orbital angular momentum

P. Hron, J. Lukac, J. Sykora [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0573] [Download Citations]
SDR Verification of Hierarchical Decision Aided 2-Source BPSK H-MAC CSE with Feed-Back Gradient Solver for WPNC Networks

This paper considers a channel state estimation (CSE) problem in a parametrized Hierarchical MAC (H-MAC) stage in Wireless Physical Layer Network Coding (WPNC) networks with Hierarchical Decode and Forward (HDF) relay strategy. The primary purpose is to present the results of a non-pilot based phase estimator performance evaluation. In particular, the performance comparison of a Matlab simulation and an over the air transmission using USRP N210 transceivers in terms of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER). Also, we analyze the properties of the Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) w.r.t. different channel parametrizations.

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Keywords: Software Defined Radio (SDR), H-MAC CSE, WPNC, phase, estimator

Z. J. Xu, W. D. Lu, Y. Gong, J. Y. Hua, W. B. Jin [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0580] [Download Citations]
A Covert Communication System Using Non-Zero Mean Normal Distributions

A covert communication system is proposed in this study, in which a~ non-zero mean Gaussian sequence is used as a~ random carrier and its mean is modulated by a~ covert binary bit. The aperiodic transmitted signal exhibits the same statistical characteristics as the ambient noise to confuse an~ eavesdropper. The received signal is multiplied with the pseudo-random sequence synchronized with the transmitter to recover these positive and negative mean Gaussian sequence. The sample mean estimator and hard decision are used to determine the covert message, and accordingly, theoretical bit error rate in additive white Gaussian noise channel is also derived. Simulation results are very consistent with the theoretical derivation. The proposed system works in the physical layer with the advantages of simple structure, strong concealment, good BER performance and very suitable for low-cost, resource-limited and low-rate transmission devices.

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Keywords: Normal distribution, Kullback-Leibler divergence, covert communication