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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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April 2011, Volume 20, Number 1

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K. Molnar, N. Herencsar [full-text] [Download Citations]
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Signal Processing – Selected Papers from the TSP 2010 Conference

M. A. Ibrahim, S. Minaei, E. Yuce [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
All-Pass Sections with High Gain Opportunity

In this paper, two new circuits for realizing firstorder voltage-mode (VM) all-pass section (APS) with variable gain are presented. The first proposed filter uses a single differential difference current conveyor (DDCC), one grounded capacitor and three resistors. The second proposed filter consists of two DDCCs, three grounded resistors and one grounded capacitor. It provides highinput and low-output impedances and can provide high gain. Both of the proposed circuits do not require any element matching condition. Moreover, oscillator circuits with minimum number of active and passive elements are derived from the proposed APSs. The proposed circuits are tested experimentally or by simulation using SPICE program to confirm the theory.

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  11. MAHESHWARI, S. High input impedance VM-APSs with grounded passive elements. IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, 2007, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 72-78.
  12. MAHESHWARI, S. High input impedance voltage-mode firstorder all-pass sections. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2007, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 511-522.
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Keywords: All-pass section, DDCC, voltage-mode, oscillator

N. Herencsar, J. Koton, J. Jerabek, K. Vrba, O. Cicekoglu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Voltage-Mode All-Pass Filters Using Universal Voltage Conveyor and MOSFET-Based Electronic Resistors

The paper presents two novel realizations of voltage-mode first-order all-pass filters. Both circuits use single universal voltage conveyor (UVC), single capacitor, and two grounded resistors. Using the two NMOS transistors-based realizations of the electronic resistor with two symmetrical power supplies, presented all-pass filter circuits can be easily made electronically tunable. Proposed filter structures provide both inverting and non-inverting outputs at the same configuration simultaneously and they have high-input and low-output impedances that are desired for easy cascading in voltage-mode operations. The nonidealities of the proposed circuits are also analyzed and compared. The theoretical results of both circuits are verified by SPICE simulations using TSMC 0.35 μm CMOS process parameters. Based on the evaluation, the behavior of one of the circuits featuring better performance was also experimentally measured using the UVC-N1C 0520 integrated circuit.

  1. MAHESHWARI, S. High input impedance VM-APSs with grounded passive elements. IET Circuits, Devices and Systems, 2007, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 72 - 78.
  2. MAHESHWARI, S. High input impedance voltage-mode first-order all-pass sections. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2008, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 511 - 522.
  3. MINAEI, S., YUCE, E. Novel voltage-mode all-pass filter based on using DVCCs. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 2010, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 391 - 402.
  4. IBRAHIM, M. A., MINAEI, S., YUCE, E. All-pass section with high gain opportunity. In Proceedings of the 33th Int. Conf. on Telecommunications and Signal Processing - TSP’10. Baden near Vienna (Austria), 2010, p. 14 - 17.
  5. IBRAHIM, M. A., MINAEI, S., YUCE, E. All-pass sections with rich cascadability and IC realization suitability. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, accepted in 2010 and available online, DOI: 10.1002/cta.738.
  6. METIN, B., PAL, K. Cascadable allpass filter with a single DO-CCII and a grounded capacitor. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2009, vol. 61, no. 3, p. 259 - 263.
  7. HORNG, J. W. High input impedance first-order allpass, highpass and lowpass filters with grounded capacitor using single DVCC. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 2010, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 175 - 178.
  8. IBRAHIM, M. A., KUNTMAN, H., CICEKOGLU, O. First-order all-pass filter canonical in the number of resistors and capacitors employing a single DDCC. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 2003, vol. 22, no. 5, p. 525 - 536.
  9. CHEN, H. P., WU, K. H. Grounded-capacitor first-order filter using minimum components. IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, 2006, vol. E89- A, no. 12, p. 3730 - 3731.
  10. MAHESHWARI, S. A canonical voltage-controlled VM-APS with a grounded capacitor. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 2008, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 123 - 132.
  11. METIN, B., PAL, K., CICEKOGLU, O. All-pass filters using DDCC- and MOSFET-based electronic resistor. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, accepted in 2010 and available online, DOI: 10.1002/cta.682.
  12. CHEN, H. P., LIN, M. T., YANG, W. S. Novel first-order noninverting and inverting output of all-pass filter at the same configuration using ICCII. IEICE Trans. Electronics, 2006, vol. E89-C, no. 6, p. 865 - 867.
  13. HERENCSAR, N., KOTON, J., VRBA, K. A new electronically tunable voltage-mode active-C phase shifter using UVC and OTA. IEICE Electronics Express, 2009, vol. 6, no. 17, p. 1212 - 1218.
  14. HERENCSAR, N., KOTON, J., VRBA, K., CICEKOGLU, O. Highinput and low-output impedance voltage-mode all-pass filter using single universal voltage conveyor. In Proceedings of the 33th Int. Conf. on Telecommunications and Signal Processing - TSP’10. Baden near Vienna (Austria), 2010, p. 42 - 46.
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  18. SALAMA, K., SOLIMAN, A. Novel MOS-C quadrature oscillator using the differential current voltage conveyor. In Proceedings of the 42nd Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems - MWSCAS’99. Las Cruces (USA), 1999, p. 279 - 282.
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  35. KOTON, J., HERENCSAR, N., VRBA, K. KHN-equivalent voltagemode filters using universal voltage conveyors. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEU), 2011, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 154 - 160.
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  37. HERENCSAR, N., KOTON, J., VRBA, K., LAHIRI, L. New voltage-mode quadrature oscillator employing single DBTA and only grounded passive elements. IEICE Electronics Express, 2009, vol. 6, no. 24, p. 1708 - 1714.
  38. HERENCSAR, N., KOTON, J., VRBA, K., LATTENBERG, I. New voltage-mode universal filter and sinusoidal oscillator using only single DBTA. International Journal of Electronics, 2010, vol. 97, no. 4, p. 365 - 379.
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Keywords: All-pass filter, analog signal processing, MOSFET-C circuit, universal voltage conveyor, voltage-mode

J. Koton, N. Herencsar, K. Vrba [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Current and Voltage Conveyors in Current- and Voltage-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers

In this paper new versatile precision full-wave rectifiers using current and/or voltage conveyors as active elements and two diodes are presented. The performance of these circuit solutions is analysed and compared to the opamp based precision rectifier. To analyze the behavior of the functional blocks, the frequency dependent RMS error and DC transient value are evaluated for different values of input voltage amplitudes. Furthermore, experimental results are given that show the feasibilities of the conveyor based rectifiers superior to the corresponding operational amplifier based topology.

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  35. SALAMA, K., SOLIMAN, A. Novel MOS-C quadrature oscillator using the differential current voltage conveyor. In Proc. 42nd Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems - MWSCAS 99. Las Cruces (USA), 1999, p. 279 - 282.
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Keywords: Precision full-wave rectifier, current conveyor, voltage conveyor, instrumentation, measurements

A. Kubankova, D. Kubanek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Extended Method of Digital Modulation Recognition and Its Testing

The paper describes a new method for the classification of digital modulations. ASK, 2FSK, 4FSK, MSK, BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM were chosen for recognition as best known digital modulations used in modern communication technologies. The maximum value of the spectral power density of the normalized-centered instantaneous amplitude of the received signal is used to discriminate between frequency modulations (2FSK, 4FSK and MSK) on one hand and amplitude and phase modulations (ASK, BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM) on the other hand. Then the 2FSK, 4FSK and MSK modulations are classified by means of spectrums. The histograms of the instantaneous phase are used to discriminate between ASK, BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM. The method designed was tested with simulated and measured signals corrupted by white Gaussian noise.

  1. DAI, W., WANG, Y., WANG, J. Joint power estimation and modulation classification using second- and higher statistics. In WCNC 2002 - IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Orlando (FL, USA), 2002, no. 1, p. 767 – 770.
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  11. KAVALOV, D., KALININ, V. Improved noise characteristics of SAW artificial neural network RF signal processor for modulation recognition. In Ultrasonics Symposium. Atlanta (GA, USA), 2001, p. 19-21.
  12. KUBANKOVA, A., KUBANEK, D. Methods of digital modulation recognition and their testing. In 14th WSEAS International Conference on Communications. Corfu (Greece), 2010, p. 234-237.
  13. KUBANKOVA, A., KUBANEK, D. Algorithms of digital modulation classification and their verification. WSEAS Transactions on Communications, vol. 9, no. 9, September 2010, p.563-572.
  14. JAN, J. Digital Signal Filtering, Analysis and Restoration. IEE Press London, 2000. ISBN 0 85296 760 8, 407 p.
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  16. YU, Z., SHI, Y. Q., SU, W. M-ary frequency shift keying signal classification based on discrete Fourier transform. In MILCOM 2003 - IEEE Military Communications Conference. Boston (MA, USA), 2003, p. 1167 – 1172.
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Keywords: Modulation recognition, modulation classification, spectrum, instantaneous phase, modulation features

O. Aydemir, T. Kayikcioglu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Wavelet Transform Based Classification of Invasive Brain Computer Interface Data

The input signals of brain computer interfaces may be either electroencephalogram recorded from scalp or electrocorticogram recorded with subdural electrodes. It is very important that the classifiers have the ability for discriminating signals which are recorded in different sessions to make brain computer interfaces practical in use. This paper proposes a method for classifying motor imagery electrocorticogram signals recorded in different sessions. Extracted feature vectors based on wavelet transform were classified by using k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis algorithms. The proposed method was successfully applied to Data Set I of BCI competition 2005, and achieved a classification accuracy of 94 % on the test data. The performance of the proposed method was confirmed in terms of sensitivity, specificity and Kappa and compared with that of other studies used the same data set. This paper is an extended version of our work that won the Best Paper Award at the 33rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing.

  1. WEI, Q. G., LU, Z. W., CHEN, K., et al. Channel selection for optimizing feature extraction in an electrocorticogram-based braincomputer interface. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010, vol. 27, no. 5, p. 321-327.
  2. VANSTEENSEL, M. J., HERMES, D., AARNOUTSE, E. J., et al. Brain-computer interfacing based on cognitive control. Annals of Neurology, 2010, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 809-816.
  3. FREEMAN, W. J., HOLMES, M. D., BURKE, B. C., VANHATALO, S. Spatial spectra of scalp EEG and EMG from awake humans. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2003, vol. 114, p. 1053–1068.
  4. LEE, P. L., SIE, J. J., LIU, Y. J., et al. An SSVEP-actuated brain computer interface using phase-tagged flickering sequences: A cursor system. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2010, vol. 38, no. 7, p. 2383-2397.
  5. QINGGUO, W., FEI, M., YIJUN, W., XIARONG, G., SHANGKAI, G. Feature combination for classifying single-trial ECoG during motor imagery of different sessions. Progress in Natural Science, 2007, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 851-858.
  6. BRUNNER, C., NAEEM, M., LEEB, R., GRAIMANN, B., PFURTSCHELLER, G. Spatial filtering and selection of optimized components in four class motor imagery EEG data using independent components analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2007, vol. 28, no. 8, p. 957-964.
  7. MING, D., AN, X. W., XI, Y. Y., et al. Time-locked and phaselocked features of P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) for braincomputer interface speller. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2010, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 243-251.
  8. RUCKAY, L., STASTNY, J., SOVKA, P. ICA model order estimation using clustering method. Radioengineering, 2007, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 51-57.
  9. KAMOUSI, B., AMINI, A. N., HE, B. Classification of motor imagery by means of cortical current density estimation and Von Neumann entropy. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2007, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 17-25.
  10. GUTIERREZ, D., ESCALONA-VARGAS, D. I. EEG data classification through signal spatial redistribution and optimized linear discriminants. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2010, vol. 97, no. 1, p. 39-47.
  11. KHALID, M. B., RAO, N. I., RIZWAN-I-HAQUE, I., et al. A brain computer interface (BCI) using fractional Fourier transform with time domain normalization and heuristic weight adjustment. 9th International Conference on Signal Processing, 2008, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 2731-2734.
  12. HAMMON, P. S., DE SA, V. R. Preprocessing and metaclassification for brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2007, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 518-525.
  13. LEUTHARDT, E. C., SCHALK, G., WOLPAW, J. R., OJEMANN, J. G., MORAN, D. W. A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans. J. Neural Eng., 2004, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 63–71.
  14. LAL, T. N., HINTERBERGER, T., WIDMAN, G., et al. Methods towards invasive human brain interfaces. Advances in NIPS, 2005, vol. 17, p. 737-744.
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  16. AYDEMIR, O., KAYIKCIOGLU, T. Classifying ECoG based mental tasks using wavelet transform features. In 33rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing. Baden near Vienna (Austria), 2010, p. 103-107.
  17. BCI Competition 2005, www.bbci.de/competition/iii
  18. ADELI, H., ZHOU, Z., DADMEHR, N. Analysis of EEG records in an epileptic patient using wavelet transform. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 2003, vol. 123, p. 69–87.
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  21. FATOURECHI, M., BIRCH, G. E., WARD, R. K. Application of a hybrid wavelet feature selection method in the design of a selfpaced brain interface system. J Neuroeng Rehabil., 2007, vol. 4, no. 11.
  22. DAT, T. H., SHUE, L., GUAN, C. Electrocorticographic signal classification based on time-frequency decomposition and nonparametric statistical modeling. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS international conference. USA, 2006, p. 2292-2295.
  23. DUDA, R. O., HART, P. E., STORK, D. G. Pattern Classification. New York: Wiley, 2001. 2nd edition.
  24. LOTTE, F., CONGEDO, M., LECUYER, A., LAMARCHE, F., ARNALDI, B. A review of classification algorithms for EEGbased brain–computer interfaces. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2007, R1-R13.
  25. MULLER, K.-R., ANDERSON, C. W., BIRCH, G. E. Linear and nonlinear methods for brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 2003, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 165–169.
  26. LUGGER, K., FLOTZINGER, D., SCHLOGL, A., et al. Feature extraction for on-line EEG classification using principal components and linear discriminants. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 1998, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 309-314.
  27. LENHARDT, A., KAPER, M., RITTER, H. J. An adaptive P300- based online brain-computer interface. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2008, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 121-130.
  28. QIN, J., LI, Y., SUN, W. A semisupervised support vector machines algorithm for BCI systems. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2007, 94397.
  29. DEMIRER, R. M., OZERDEM, M. S., BAYRAK, C. Classification of imaginary movements in ECoG with a hybrid approach based on multi-dimensional Hilbert-SVM solution. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 2009, vol. 178, no. 1, p. 214 to 218.
  30. LI, Y., KOIKE, Y., SUGIYAMA, M. A Framework of adaptive brain computer interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics. Tianjin (China), 2009, p. 1-5.
  31. INCE, N. F., GOKSU, F., TEWFIK, A. H. ECoG based brain computer interface with subset selection. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2008, vol. 25, p. 357-374.
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Keywords: Brain computer interface, classification, electrocorticogram, pattern recognition, wavelet transform.

R. Burget, J. Karasek, Z. Smekal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Recognition of Emotions in Czech Newspaper Headlines

With the growth of internet community, many different text-based documents are produced. Emotion detection and classification in text becomes very important in human-machine interaction or in human-to-human internet communication with this growth. This article refers to this issue in Czech texts. Headlines were extracted from Czech newspapers and Fear, Joy, Anger, Disgust, Sadness, and Surprise emotions are detected. In this work, several algorithms for learning were assessed and compared according to their accuracy of emotion detection and classification of news headlines. The best results were achieved using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) method with a linear kernel, where the presence of the dominant emotion or emotions was analyzed. For individual emotions the following results were obtained: Anger was detected in 87.3 %, Disgust 95.01%, Fear 81.32 %, Joy 71.6 %, Sadness 75.4 %, and Surprise 71.09 %.

  1. COWIE, R., DOUGLAS-COWIE, E., SAVVIDOU, S., MCMAHON, E., SAWEY, M., SCHRODER, M. Feel trace: An instrument for recording perceived emotion in real time. In Proceedings of the ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion. Newcastle (Northern Ireland, UK), 2000.
  2. PRINOSIL, J., SMEKAL, Z., ESPOSITO, A. Combining features for recognizing emotional facial expressions in static images. In Proceedings of Conference Information: International Conference on Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human and Human- Machine Interaction, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 2007, vol. 5042, p. 56 - 69.
  3. PRINOSIL, J., SMEKAL, Z. Robust real time face tracking system. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing - TSP2009. Dunakiliti (Hungary), August 26-27, 2009, p. 101 - 104. ISBN 978-963-06- 77169-5h.
  4. ATASSI, H., SMEKAL, Z. Real-time model for automatic vocal emotion recognition. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing - TSP2008. Paradfurdo (Hungary), September 3 - 4, 2008, p. 21- 25. ISBN 978-963-06-5487-6.
  5. DOLAMIC, L., SAVOY, J. Indexing and stemming approaches for the Czech language. International Journal on Information Processing and Management, 2009, vol. 45, no. 6, p. 714 - 720.
  6. RAMOS, J. Using TF-IDF to determine word relevance in document queries. In Proceedings of the 1st Instructional Conference on Machine Learning. Piscataway, New York, 2003.
  7. HAN, J., KAMBER, M., PEI, J. Data mining: concepts and techniques. Second edition. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems.
  8. SEOL, Y. S., KIM, D. J, KIM, H. W. Emotion recognition from text using knowledge-based ANN. In The 32nd International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications, 2008, p. 1569 - 1572.
  9. COWIE, R., DOUGLAS-COWIE, E., TSAPATSOULIS, N., VOTSIS, G., KOLLIAS, S., FELLENZ, W., TAYLOR, J. Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 32 - 80.
  10. STRAPPARAVA, C. MIHALCEA, R. Learning to identify emotions in text. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. Fortaleza, Ceara (Brazil), March 16 - 20, 2008. SAC '08. ACM, New York, NY, p. 1556 - 1560.
  11. GHAZI, D., INKPEN, D., SZPAKOWICZ, S. Hierarchical versus flat classification of emotions in text. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text. Los Angeles (California), June 05 - 05, 2010. ACL Workshops. Association for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, p. 140 - 146.
  12. KESHTKAR, F. INKPEN, D. A corpus-based method for extracting paraphrases of emotion terms. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text. Los Angeles (California), June 05 - 05, 2010. ACL Workshops. Association for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, p. 35 - 44.
  13. VOLKOVA, E. P., MOHLER, B. J., MEURERS, D., GERDEMANN, D., BULTHOFF, H. H. Emotional perception of fairy tales: achieving agreement in emotion annotation of text. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text. Los Angeles (California), June 05 - 05, 2010. ACL Workshops. Association for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, p. 98 - 106.
  14. YANG, D., LEE, W. S. Music emotion identification from lyrics.. In the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia ISM '09. December 14 - 16, 2009, p. 624 - 629.
  15. JIA, Y., CHEN, Z., YU, S. Reader emotion classification of news headlines. In Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, September 24 – 27, 2009, p. 1 – 6.
  16. KOZAREVA, Z., NAVARRO, B., VAZQUEZ, S., MONTOYO, A. A headline emotion classification through web information. In Proceedings of SemEval-2007. Prague (Czech Republic), June 2007.
  17. YIMNGAM, S., PREMCHAISAWADI, W., KREESURADEJ, W. Thai emotion words analysis. In Eighth International Symposium on Natural Language Processing. October 20 - 22, 2009, p. 211 - 215.
  18. INRAK, P., SINTHUPINYO, S. Applying latent semantic analysis to classify emotions in Thai text. In 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET). April 16 - 18, 2010, vol. 6, p. V6-450 - V6-454.
  19. LESHED, G., KAYE, J. Understanding how bloggers feel: recognizing affect in blog posts. In CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Montreal (Quebec, Canada), April 22 - 27, 2006, p. 1019 - 1024.
  20. AMAN, S., SZPAKOWICZ, S. Identifying expressions of emotion in text. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue. Pilsen (Czech Republic), September 03 - 07, 2007. Eds. Matousek, V., Mautner, P. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 196 - 205.
  21. HANCOCK, J. T., LANDRIGAN, C., SILVER, C. Expressing emotion in text-based communication. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. San Jose (California), April 28 - May 03, 2007, p. 929 - 932.
  22. NEVIAROUSKAYA, A., PRENDINGER, H., ISHIZUKA, M. Recognition of affect conveyed by text messaging in online communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing. Beijing (China), July 22 - 27, 2007. SCHULER, D. Ed. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 141 - 150.
  23. LEE, S. Y., CHEN, Y., HUANG, C. A text-driven rule-based system for emotion cause detection. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text. Los Angeles (California), June 05 - 05, 2010, p. 45 - 53.
  24. CALIX, R. A., MALLEPUDI, S. A., BIN, C., KNAPP, G. M. Emotion recognition in text for 3-D facial expression rendering. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2010, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 544 - 551.
  25. PRIBIL, J., PRIBILOVA, A. Statistical analysis of spectral properties and prosodic parameters of emotional speech

Keywords: Emotion corpus, Emotion detection, Emotion classification, Text mining, Czech language

B. Epple, H. Henniger, S. Kurz, H. Haan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Rural Optical-Propagation Measurements

Compared with traditional communication technologies like wired or radio frequency communications, optical wireless communication has a unique fading behavior of the received signal, that does not allow to use existing channel models without modification. In this paper the statistics of received optical power obtained from experimental data are compared to often used statistical mathematical models. These models are the log-normal and the gamma-gamma distribution. It was found that the gamma-gamma gives better fits to the measured data, but the quality of the log-normal fits is sufficient for most needs. This means that the log-normal distribution can be used for the development of simplified channel models which have a better mathematical tractability than the models based on the gamma-gamma distribution.

  1. ANDREWS, L. C., PHILLIPS, R. L. Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, Second Edition. SPIE Press Monograph vol. PM152, 2005.
  2. MAJUMDAR, A. K., RICKLIN, J. C. Free-Space Laser Communications Principles and Advances. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
  3. EPPLE, B. A simplified channel model for simulation of free-space optical communications. IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2010, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 293 - 304.
  4. HENNIGER, H., EPPLE, B., HAAN, H. Maritime mobile opticalpropagation channel measurements. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications IEEE ICC 2010. Cape Town (RSA), 2010.
  5. KARP, S., GAGLIARDI, R. M., MAORAN, E. S., STOTTS, L. B. Optical Channels: Fibers, Clouds, Water, and the Atmosphere. Plenum Press, 1988.
  6. HENNIGER, H., WILFERT, O. An introduction to free-space optical communications. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 203 - 212.
  7. ANDREWS, L. C. Field Guide to Atmospheric Optics. Bellingham (USA): SPIE Press, 2004.

Keywords: Optical wireless, communications, measurement, channel model, free-space, FSO, OWC

O. Pribula, M. Janosek, J. Fischer [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Optical Position Sensor Based on Digital Image Processing: Magnetic Field Mapping Improvement

Optical position measurement system for an automated magnetic field mapping apparatus based on fluxgate sensors is presented. For the exact position estimation of the sensor head, a simple smart camera was developed with respect to minimal hardware configuration and real-time execution of position measurement algorithm. The camera is observing the mapped scene and evaluates position of the sensor head using an active marker. The sensor head is designed as movable, what allows keeping the scene fixed and exactly referenced to the mapped magnetic field using coordinates obtained from image. With image sensor fixed 2.5 m above the plane and range ±130 mm around the lens optical axis (image center), the total position measurement error is less than 0.5 mm.

  1. TUMANSKI, S., LISZKA, A. The methods and devices for scanning of magnetic fields. Journal of Magnetic Materials, 2002, vol. 242-245, Part 2, p. 1253-1256.
  2. YONGBING, L., GUOXIONG, Z. The optimal arrangement of four laser tracking interferometers in 3D coordinate measuring system based on multi-lateration. In IEEE International Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems 2003. VECIMS '03. 2003, p. 138- 143, doi: 10.1109/VECIMS.2003.1227044.
  3. El GAMAL, A., ELTOUKHY, H. CMOS image sensors. IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, May-June 2005, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 6- 20, doi:10.1109/MCD.2005.1438751
  4. TOMEK, J., PLATIL, A., RIPKA, P., KASPAR, P. Application of fluxgate gradiometer in magnetopneumography. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2006, vol. 132, no 1, p. 214-217.
  5. LEESER, M., MILLER, S., YU, H. Smart camera based on reconfigurable hardware enables diverse real-time applications. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field- Programmable Custom Computing Machines, 2004. IEEE Computer Society, Washington DC, p. 147-155.
  6. LOVVEL-SMITH, C. D., BONES, J. P., HAYES, M. P., JOHNSTON, R.A., PRICE, N. B. ‘Black Spot’: A prototype camera module. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Image and Vision Computing. New Zealand, 2008, p.1-6, doi: 10.1109/IVCNZ.2008.4762112M
  7. SHORTIS, R., CLARKE, T. A., SHORT, T. A comparison of some techniques for the subpixel location of discrete target images. Videometrics III, SPIE vol. 2350. Boston. p. 239-250.
  8. FISCHER, J., ODLOZIL, P. FPGA based system for the measurement of a laser spot position. In Proceedings of Eurosensors XVI. Prague, 2002, p. 201-202, ISBN 80-01-02576-4
  9. EGMONTON-PETERSEN, M., REIBER, J. H. C. Accurate object localization in gray level images using the center of gravity measure: Accuracy versus precision. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2002, vol 11, no. 12, p 1379 - 1384, doi: 10.1109/TIP.2002.806250
  10. JANOSEK, M., RIPKA, P. PCB sensors in fluxgate magnetometer with controlled excitation. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, April 2009, vol. 151, no. 2, p. 141-144, ISSN 0924-4247, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2009.02.002
  11. JANOSEK, M., RIPKA, P., PLATIL, A. Magnetic markers detection using PCB fluxgate array. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, vol. 105, no. 7, p. 7E717. ISSN 0021-8979

Keywords: Position measurement, magnetic field mapping, smart camera

Usama S. Mohammed, Mostafa Salah [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Tag Anti-collision Algorithm for RFID Systems with Minimum Overhead Information in the Identification Process

This paper describes a new tree based anti-collision algorithm for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems. The proposed technique is based on fast parallel binary splitting (FPBS) technique. It follows a new identification path through the binary tree. The main advantage of the proposed protocol is the simple dialog between the reader and tags. It needs only one bit tag response followed by one bit reader reply (one-to-one bit dialog). The one bit reader response represents the collision report (0: collision; 1: no collision) of the tags' one bit message. The tag achieves self transmission control by dynamically updating its relative replying order due to the received collision report. The proposed algorithm minimizes the overhead transmitted bits per one tag identification. In the collision state, tags do modify their next replying order in the next bit level. Performed computer simulations have shown that the collision recovery scheme is very fast and simple even with the successive reading process. Moreover, the proposed algorithm outperforms most of the recent techniques in most cases.

  1. BONUCCELLI, M. A., LONETTI, F., MARTELLI, F. Tree slotted aloha: a new protocol for tag identification in RFID networks. In Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2006, p. 603-608.
  2. SAHOO, A., IYER, S., BHANDARI, N. Improving RFID System to Read Tags Efficiently. Kanwal Rekhi School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, approved for the degree of Master, June, 2006.
  3. JUNG-SIK CHO, JEA-DONG SHIN, SUNG K. KIM RFID Tag anti-collision protocol: Query tree with reversed IDs. In The 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). Feb. 2008, vol. 1, p. 225–230.
  4. JI H. CHOI, DONGWOOK LEE, HYUCKJAE LEE Query Tree- Based Reservation for Efficient RFID Tag Anti-Collision. IEEE Communications Letters, Jan. 2007, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 85-87.
  5. OKKYEONG BANG, CHOI, J. H., LEE, D. W., LEE, H. J. Efficient novel anti-collision protocols for passive RFID tags. Auto-ID Labs White Paper WP-HARDWARE-050 March 2009. Available at: www.autoidlabs.org.
  6. SHIYU LI, QUANYUAN FENG A novel anti-collision algorithm in RFID system. In Electromagnetics Research Symposium. Cambridge, USA, 2008, p. 207-210.
  7. CHEN-CHUNG LIU, YIN-TSUNG CHAN An anti-collision protocol of RFID based on divide and conquer algorithm. In The 26th Workshop on Combinatorial Mathematics and Computation Theory, 2009.
  8. ZIMING GUO, BINJIE HU A dynamic bit arbitration anticollision algorithm for RFID system. In IEEE International Workshop on Anti-Counterfeiting, Security, Identification. 2007, p. 457 – 460.
  9. JUN-BO GUO, ZHEN-HUA DING ID-binary tree stack anticollision algorithm for RFID. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '06). Cagliari (Italy), 2006, p. 207 - 212.
  10. SUNG HYUN KIM, POOGYEON PARK An efficient tree-based tag anti-collision protocol for RFID Systems. IEEE Communications Letters, 2007, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 449-451.
  11. JIHOON MYUNG, WONJUN LEE, JAIDEEP SRIVASTAVA Adaptive binary splitting for efficient RFID tag anti-collision. Communications Letters, IEEE, Mar 2006, vol. 10, no. 3, p.144- 146.
  12. JIHOON MYUNG, WONJUN LEE, JAIDEEP SRIVASTAVA, SHIH, T. K. Tag-splitting: adaptive collision arbitration protocols for RFID tag identification. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2007, vol. 18, no. 6, p. 763 – 775.
  13. WEI-CHIH CHEN, SHI-JINN HORNG, PINGZHI FAN An enhanced anti-collision algorithm in RFID based on counter and stack. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications (ICSNC 2007), Issue 25- 31, 2007.
  14. YUAN-HSIN CHEN, SHI-JINN HORNG, RAY-SHINE RUN, JUI-LIN LAI, RONG-JIAN CHEN, WEI-CHIH CHEN, YI PAN, TERANO TAKAO A novel anti-collision algorithm in RFID systems for identifying passive tags. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Informatica, Feb. 2010, vol. 6, no. 1.
  15. YUAN-CHENG LAI, CHIH-CHUNG LIN A blocking RFID anticollision protocol for quick tag identification. In International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, WOCN '09. Cairo (Egypt), May 2009.

Keywords: Passive RFID tag, anti-collision protocol, binary tree protocol, Aloha-based protocols.

M. V. N. Rao, K. R. Rajeswari [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design of Discrete Frequency Coded Sequences using PSOCM for Target Detection with CAF

This paper presents the design of Discrete Frequency Coded (DFC) sequences with good auto correlation properties using Particle Swarm Optimization with Cauchy Mutation (PSOCM) technique. The crossambiguity function method is used to detect the stationary and moving targets in various target detection scenarios. The contour plots of the cross-ambiguity function are computed as a function of delay and Doppler frequency shift. The results are compared with DFC sequences of the sequence lengths N = 32 and N = 100.

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Keywords: Discrete Frequency Coded Sequences, Cross Ambiguity Function, Particle Swarm Optimisation.

J. Rajnoha, P. Pollak [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
ASR Systems in Noisy Environment: Analysis and Solutions for Increasing Noise Robustness

This paper deals with the analysis of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) suitable for usage within noisy environment and suggests optimum configuration under various noisy conditions. The behavior of standard parameterization techniques was analyzed from the viewpoint of robustness against background noise. It was done for Melfrequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), Perceptual linear predictive (PLP) coefficients, and their modified forms combining main blocks of PLP and MFCC. The second part is devoted to the analysis and contribution of modified techniques containing frequency-domain noise suppression and voice activity detection. The above-mentioned techniques were tested with signals in real noisy environment within Czech digit recognition task and AURORA databases. Finally, the contribution of special VAD selective training and MLLR adaptation of acoustic models were studied for various signal features.

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Keywords: Robust speech recognition, robust ASR, front-end, parameterization, feature extraction, noisy speech, spectral subtraction, voice activity detection

K. Bartusek, J. Prinosil, Z. Smekal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Optimization of Wavelet-Based De-noising in MRI

In the paper, a method for MR image enhancement using the wavelet analysis is described. The wavelet analysis is concentrated on the influence of threshold level and mother wavelet choices on the resultant MR image. The influence is expressed by the measurement and mutual comparison of three MT image parameters: signal to noise ratio, image contrast, and linear slope edge approximation. Unlike most standard methods working exclusively with the MR image magnitude, in our case both the MR image magnitude and the MR image phase were used in the enhancement process. Some recommendations are mentioned in conclusion, such as how to use a combination of mother wavelets with threshold levels for various types of MR images.

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Keywords: Wavelet transformation, filtering technique, magnetic resonance imaging

M. Simka, M. Drutarovsky, V. Fischer [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Testing of PLL-based True Random Number Generator in Changing Working Conditions

Security of cryptographic systems depends significantly on security of secret keys. Unpredictability of the keys is achieved by their generation by True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). In the paper we analyze behavior of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) based TRNG in changing working environment. The frequency of signals synthesized by PLL may be naturally influenced by chip temperature. We show what impact the temperature has on the quality of generated random sequence of the PLL-based TRNG. Thank to analysis of internal signals of the generator we are able to prove dependencies between the PLL parameters, statistical parameters of the generated sequence and temperature. Considering the measured results of experiments we form a new requirement in order to improve the robustness of the designed TRNG.

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Keywords: TRNG, phase-locked loop, cryptographic attacks, tracking jitter, on-line randomness tests, FIPS 140-2

Z. Xia, L. Yang, X. Sun, W. Liang, D. Sun, Z. Ruan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Learning-Based Steganalytic Method against LSB Matching Steganography

This paper considers the detection of spatial domain least significant bit (LSB) matching steganography in gray images. Natural images hold some inherent properties, such as histogram, dependence between neighboring pixels, and dependence among pixels that are not adjacent to each other. These properties are likely to be disturbed by LSB matching. Firstly, histogram will become smoother after LSB matching. Secondly, the two kinds of dependence will be weakened by the message embedding. Accordingly, three features, which are respectively based on image histogram, neighborhood degree histogram and run-length histogram, are extracted at first. Then, support vector machine is utilized to learn and discriminate the difference of features between cover and stego images. Experimental results prove that the proposed method possesses reliable detection ability and outperforms the two previous state-of-the-art methods. Further more, the conclusions are drawn by analyzing the individual performance of three features and their fused feature.

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  11. LIU, Q.Z., SUNG, A. H., RIBEIRO, B., WEI, M. Z., CHEN, Z. X., XU, J. Y. Image complexity and feature mining for steganalysis of least significant bit matching steganography. Information Sciences, 2008, vol. 178, no. 1, p. 21-36.
  12. PEVNY, T., BAS, P., FRIDRICH, J. Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2010, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 215-224.
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Keywords: Communication security, steganalysis, histogram gradient energy, neighborhood degree histogram, run-length histogram, support vector machine

J. Svihlik, K. Fliegel, P. Koten, S. Vitek, P. Pata [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Noise Analysis of MAIA System and Possible Noise Suppression

This paper is devoted to the noise analysis and noise suppression in a system for double station observation of the meteors now known as MAIA (Meteor Automatic Imager and Analyzer). The noise analysis is based on acquisition of testing video sequences in different light conditions and their further statistical evaluation. The main goal is to find a suitable noise model and subsequently determine if the noise is signal dependent or not. Noise and image model in the wavelet domain should be based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM) or Generalized Laplacian Model (GLM) and the model parameters should be estimated by moment method. Furthermore, noise should be modeled by GMM or GLM also in the space domain. GMM and GLM allow to model various types of probability density functions. Finally the advanced denoising algorithm using Bayesian estimator is applied and its performance is verified.

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Keywords: MAIA, meteor, noise analysis, GMM, GLM, Bayesian estimator, dicrete wavelet transform

W. Liang, X. Sun, Z. Xia, D. Sun, J. Long [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Chaotic IP Watermarking in Physical Layout Level Based on FPGA

A new chaotic map based IP (Intellectual Property) watermarking scheme at physical design level is presented. An encrypted watermark is embedded into the physical layout of a circuit by configuring LUT (Lookup Table) as specific functions when it is placed and routed onto the FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array). The main contribution is the use of multiple chaotic maps in the processes of watermark design and embedding, which efficiently improves the security of watermark. A hashed chaotic sequence is used to scramble the watermark. Secondly, two pseudo-random sequences are generated by using chaotic maps. One is used to determine unused LUT locations, and the other divides the watermark into groups. The watermark identifies original owner and is difficult to detect. This scheme was tested on a Xilinx Virtex XCV600-6bg432 FPGA. The experimental results show that our method has low impact on functionality, short path delay and high robustness in comparison with other methods.

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Keywords: IP reuse technology, FPGA, chaotic map, LUT, IP watermarking

V. Ricny, M. Slanina [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Resolution in Aerial Earth Surface Photography

The paper deals with a simplified analysis of subjective resolution of an aerial sensing system for Earth surface photography in the visible light spectrum. The proposed simplified linear method allows approximate estimation of the minimal target size in the image scanned using a camera with CCD sensor.

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Keywords: Aerial photography, resolution, target size, modulation transfer function, CCD sensor.

V. Novotny [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Optimization of Hierarchical System for Data Acquisition

Television broadcasting over IP networks (IPTV) is one of a number of network applications that are except of media distribution also interested in data acquisition from group of information resources of variable size. IP-TV uses Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) protocol for media streaming and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) protocol for session quality feedback. Other applications, for example sensor networks, have data acquisition as the main task. Current solutions have mostly problem with scalability - how to collect and process information from large amount of end nodes quickly and effectively? The article deals with optimization of hierarchical system of data acquisition. Problem is mathematically described, delay minima are searched and results are proved by simulations.

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  11. BURGET, R., KOMOSNY, D., NOVOTNY, V. Integration of host position prediction into hierarchical aggregation. In Seventh International Conference on Networking ICN 2008. 2008, p. 740 to 744, ISBN: 978-0-7695-3106-9.
  12. NOVOTNY, V., KOMOSNY, D., KATHIRAVELU, G., BURGET, R. Large-scale RTCP feedback theory and implementation. In Proceeding of the 3rd Mosharaka International Conference on Communications, Computers and Applications. Amman (Jordan), 2009, p. 1-6, ISBN 978-9957-486-07-5.

Keywords: Data acquisition, multicast, SSM, multimedia, RTP/ RTCP, sensor networks

P. Lafata, P. Jares [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Simulation Methods for Far-end Crosstalk Cancellation

The information capacity of current digital subscriber lines is limited mainly by a crosstalk in metallic cables. The influence of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) can be well cancelled by frequency duplex method, but the elimination of far-end crosstalk (FEXT) is not so easy. Therefore FEXT is the dominant source of disturbance in current digital subscriber lines (xDSL). One of the most promising solutions for far-end crosstalk cancellation is Vectored Discrete Multi-tone modulation (VDMT). For the testing of VDMT modulation efficiency it will be necessary to implement advanced methods for modeling of far-end crosstalk to obtain required predictions of the crosstalk behavior in a cable. The actual simple FEXT model is not very accurate and does not provide realistic results. That is why the new method for modeling of far-end crosstalk was developed and is presented in this paper. This advanced model is based on the capacitive and inductive unbalances between pairs in a cable and it also respects the cable’s internal structure. The results of the model are subsequently used for the simulation of VDMT modulation and its impact on the FEXT cancellation. These simulations are based on the estimations of transmission speed of VDSL2 lines with VDMT modulation.

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  11. LAFATA, P., JARES. P., SYKORA. J. Influence of xDSL spatial selection for DMT modulation. In Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Research in Telecomunication Technology RTT 2007 [CD-ROM]. Zilina (Slovakia), 2007, p. 227-230. ISBN 978- 80-8070-735-4.
  12. LAFATA, P., VODRAZKA, J. Simulations and statistical evaluations of FEXT crosstalk in xDSL systems using metallic cable constructional arrangement. In TSP - 31st International Conference Telecommunications and Signal Processing [CDROM]. Budapest: Asszisztencia Szervezo Kft., 2008, ISBN 978- 963-06-5487-6.
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Keywords: Digital subscriber line, crosstalk, FEXT, VDMT modulation, VDSL2

A. Aggelis, E. T. Sarris, V. Katos [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Location Privacy Extension for DVB-RCS

In this paper we studied the DVB-RCS (Return Channel through Satellite) standard from a privacy perspective and proposed an approach to incorporate a location privacy enhancing mechanism into the standard. Offering location based privacy in DVB-RCS communication is a challenge as the location of a satellite terminal must be revealed to the network operator of the DVB-RCS network for technical and administrative reasons. We proposed an approach of cloaking the location by intentionally compromising its accuracy whilst maintaining the operability and integrity of the communications system. In addition we implemented a proof of concept technique utilizing the theoretical findings of this work on a real DVB-RCS system, presenting the methodology along with the tools used and the experimental results.

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Keywords: DVB-RCS security, location privacy, satellite communications, data cloaking, spatial accuracy

S. M. S. Sadough [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Improved Reception Schemes for Digital Video Broadcasting Based on Hierarchical Modulation

In this paper, we first provide an overview of Hierarchical Modulation (HM) along with the opportunities offered by this modulation in the context of the recent Digital Video Broadcasting standard for Satellite to Handheld devices (DVB-SH).With HM, the binary data is partitioned into a “high-priority” (HP) and a “low-priority” (LP) bit stream that are separately and independently encoded before being mapped on non-uniformly spaced constellation points. We will show that the robustness of the HP stream is obtained at the expense of performance degradation of the less protected LP stream with respect to a non-hierarchical modulation. To overcome this inherent drawback of HM, we propose two different reception schemes for improving the bit error rate performance of the less protected LP stream, while keeping the HP decoding performance unchanged. The important point is that in one of the proposed reception schemes, the performance improvement is achieved together with the reduction of the receiver’s complexity.

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  13. SADOUGH, S. M. S. Ultrawideband OFDM Systems: Channel Estimation and Improved Detection Accounting for Estimation Inaccuracies. PhD Thesis, Universit´e Paris-Sud 11, 2008.

Keywords: DVB-SH standard, non-uniform hierarchical modulation, turbo code, concatenated coding, improved iterative decoding

T. Vanek, M. Rohlik [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Broadcast Authentication Mechanism in Selected Network Topologies

This paper deals with simulation of the broadcast authentication protocols using Colored Petri Nets and further optimizations in Matlab environment. Typical application of broadcast authentication protocols can be configurations where only one transmitter with multiple recipients exists (such as message exchange in sensor networks routing protocols, or the leader election process in sensors network). Authentication of every packet seems to be very effective way to mitigate an attack, however resulting in increase of end-to-end delay. To mitigate this drawback, the broadcast authentication protocols have been proposed. Concept of optimization of the broadcast authentication protocol DREAM parameters in a special case of fully N-ary tree and general random topology containing the same amount of nodes with regard to delay and energy consumption minimization is showed in the paper. Protocol DREAM was taken as an example of broadcast authenticating protocol to show how Color Petri Nets can be used to create a fully functional model of the protocol.

  1. HUANG, Y., HE, W., NAHRSTEDT, K.; LEE, W.C. DoS-Resistant Broadcast Authentication Protocol with Low End-to-end Delay. [Online] Cited 2008. Available at: http://www.ideals.uiuc.edu/handle/2142/11432
  2. ALY, S., MUSTAFA, K. Protocol Verification and Analysis Using Colored Petri Nets. [Online] Cited 2003. Available at: http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/research/TechReports/TR04-003.pdf
  3. JENSEN K. Coloured Petri Nets: Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use. Vol. 1, Springer, 1996.
  4. VANEK, T., ROHLIK, M. Model of DoS resistant broadcast authentication protocol in colored petri net environment. In IWSSIP 2010 Proceedings [CD-ROM]. Rio de Janeiro: EdUFF – Editora da Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2010, p. 264-267. ISBN 978-85-228-0565-5
  5. ROHLIK, M., VANEK, T. Broadcast authentication mechanism optimization in fully N-ary tree topology protocol. In Proceedings of the Xth Conference KTTO 2010. Ostrava (Czech Rep.), FEI VSB-TU, p. 111-114, ISBN 978-80-248-2330-0

Keywords: Authentication, protocol, security, DoS, DREAM, N-ary tree

P. Pocta [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
The Combined Effect of Signal Strength and Background Traffic Load on Speech Quality in IEEE 802.11 WLAN

This paper deals with measurements of the combined effect of signal strength and background traffic load on speech quality in IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The ITU-T G.729AB encoding scheme is deployed in this study and the Distributed Internet Traffic Generator (D-ITG) is used for the purpose of background traffic generation. The speech quality and background traffic load are assessed by means of the accomplished PESQ algorithm and Wireshark network analyzer, respectively. The results show that background traffic load has a bit higher impact on speech quality than signal strength when both effects are available together. Moreover, background traffic load also partially masks the impact of signal strength. The reasons for those findings are particularly discussed. The results also suggest some implications for designers of wireless networks providing VoIP service.

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  24. NARBUTT, M., DAVIS, M. Experimental tuning of the AIFSN parameter to prioritize voice over data transmission in 802.11e WLAN networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (ICSPC 2007). Dubai, 2007.
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Keywords: IEEE 802.11, signal strength, background traffic load, speech quality, Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ)

Yipeng Liu, Qun Wan, Xiaoli Chu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Power-Efficient Ultra-Wideband Waveform Design Considering Radio Channel Effects

This paper presents a power-efficient maskconstrained ultra-wideband (UWB) waveform design with radio channel effects taken into consideration. Based on a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, we develop a convex optimization model with respect to the autocorrelation of the filter coefficients to optimize the transmitted signal power spectrum, subject to a regulatory emission mask. To improve power efficiency, effects of transmitter radio frequency (RF) components are included in the optimization of the transmitter-output waveform, and radio propagation effects are considered for obtaining the most efficient waveform at the receiver. Optimum coefficients of the FIR filter are obtained through spectral factorization of their autocorrelations. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to maximize the transmitted UWB signal power under mask constraints set by regulatory authorities, while mitigating the power loss caused by channel attenuations.

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Keywords: Power efficiency, ultra-wideband (UWB), green communication, radio propagation effect, waveform design

J. Haze [full-text] [Download Citations]
Guest Editorial IMAPS Electronic Devices and Systems International Conference, 2010

A. Dziedzic, P. Slobodzian [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Modern Microelectronic Technologies in Fabrication of RFID Tags

This paper presents fabrication of RFID tags, especially antennas for HF band (13.56 MHz), on cheap flexible substrates. The physicochemical, geometrical, DC and AC electrical properties as well as long-term stability (under thermal, moisture-thermal and mechanical exposures) have been characterized for several low-temperature polymer thick-film conductive films made on various paper or foil substrates. Resistance measurement during curing has been used for investigation of polymerization velocity, which is very important for increase of process capacity.

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Keywords: RFID, printed antenna, polymer conductive ink, electrical properties

J. Pavelka, J. Sikula, M. Tacano, M. Toita [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Activation Energy of RTS Noise

Low frequency noise was measured in silicon MOSFET and GaN and InGaAs based HFET devices with special emphasis on the RTS noise. The RTS (Random Telegraph Signal) dependence on the biasing conditions and temperature was analyzed in order to obtain new information regarding production technology. From the time dependence of the RTS noise voltage the mean time of charge carriers capture and emission by traps in the gate oxide layer was determined as a function of applied gate and drain voltage or electron concentration and then several important trap parameters, such as activation energy and position in the channel could be estimated.

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  3. KURATA, H., OTSUGA, K., KOTABE, A., et al. Random telegraph signal in flash memory: its impact on scaling of multilevel flash memory beyond the 90-nm node. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2007, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 1362 - 1369.
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  6. PAVELKA, J., SIKULA, J., TACANO, M., TOITA, M. Amplitude of RTS noise in MOSFETs. In Proceedings IEEE 21st Int. Conference on Microelectronics ICM. Marrakech (Morocco), 2009, p. 340 - 343.
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  12. PAVELKA, J., SIKULA, J., CHVATAL, M., TACANO, M., TOITA, M. RTS noise amplitude and electron concentration in MOSFETs. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Microelectronics MIEL. Nis, (Serbia), 2010, p. 475 - 478.
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  17. SIKULA, J., PAVELKA, J., TACANO, M., TOITA, M. GRT model of RTS noise in MOSFETs. In Proceedings IEEE 21st Int. Conference on Microelectronics ICM. Marrakech, (Morocco), 2009, p. 290 - 293.

Keywords: RTS noise, 1/f noise, trap, MOSFET, HFET

P. Sedlak, J. Majzner, J. Sikula [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Noise in piezoelectric ceramics at the low temperatures

The piezoelectric ceramic belongs to materials with widespread spectrum of applications. It can be found in sensors as well as in ceramic capacitors. The main sources of voltage or current fluctuation in piezoelectric ceramics are thermal noise, polarization noise and low frequency 1/f noise. The observed spectra of fluctuating voltage or current can be very well described by the generalized Nyquist relation for linear dissipative system. In this work, we focused on validity of the Nyquist relation for piezoelectric ceramics in temperatures 150 K-270 K. The electrical impedance and noise spectral density are measured and compared in frequency range 100 kHz - 1 MHz. The measurements were made in thermal stable condition and under equilibrium conditions in the case of noise measurement.

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  3. COUTARD, F., TISSERAND, E., SCHWEITZER, P. The temperature influence on the piezoelectric transducer noise, measurements and modeling. In Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005 IEEE, 2005, vol. 3, p. 1652- 1655.
  4. SEDLAK, P., MAJZNER, J., SIKULA, J. Nyquist relation and its validity for piezoelectric ceramics considering temperature. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations. Pisa (Italy), 2009, p. 141-144.
  5. MAJZNER, J., SIKULA, J., STRUNC, M. 1/f noise in piezoceramic samples. In Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations. Prague (Czech Republic), 2003, p. 854-857.
  6. MAJZNER, J., SEDLAK, P., SIKULA, J., STRUNC, M. Noise in piezoceramics. In Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations. Tokyo (Japan), 2007, p. 347-350.
  7. JOHNSON, J. B. Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors. Physical Review, 1928, vol. 32, p. 97-109.
  8. SEDLAK, P., MAJZNER, J., SIKULA, J. Mathematical model of electrical noise of piezoelectric sensor. In Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations. Tokyo (Japan), 2007, p. 335-338.
  9. HAYWARD, G., BANKS, R. A., RUSSELL, L. B. A model for low noise design of ultrasonic transducers. In Proc. of Ultrasonic Symposium, 1995, p. 971-974.
  10. COUTARD, F., TISSERAND, E., SCHWEITZER, P. Optimal design of an ultrasonic low-noise chain of reception. Sensors and Actuators A, 2008, vol. 143, no. 2, p. 265-271.
  11. LEVINZON, F. A. Fundamental noise limit of piezoelectric accelerometer. IEEE Sensors, 2004, vol. 4, p. 108-111.
  12. GUBINYI, Z., BATUR, C., SAYIR, A., DYNYS, F. Electrical properties of PZT piezoelectric ceramic at high temperatures. Journal of Electroceramics, 2007, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 95-105.

Keywords: Piezoelectric ceramics, thermal noise, 1/f noise

E. Prociow, M. Zielinski, K. Sieradzka, J. Domaradzki, D. Kaczmarek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Electrical and optical study of transparent V-based oxide semiconductors prepared by magnetron sputtering under different conditions

This work is focused on structural, optical and electrical behaviors of vanadium-based oxide thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering under different conditions. Thin films have been deposited on glass substrates from metallic vanadium target at low sputtering pressure. Different working gases: argon/oxygen mixture, and especially pure oxygen gas, have been applied. Results of X-ray diffraction together with optical transmission and temperature- dependent electrical resistivity measurements have been presented. Transmission coefficient, cut-off wavelength and the width of the optical band gap have been calculated from optical measurements. The d.c. resistivity values at room temperature and thermal activation energy have been obtained from electrical investigations. The influence of sputtering process conditions on optical and electrical properties has been discussed.

  1. MANNING, T. D., PARKIN I. P. Vanadium (IV) oxide thin films on glass and silicon from the atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition reaction of VOCL3 and water. Polyhedron, 2004, vol. 23, p. 3087-3095.
  2. WANG, X. J., LI, H. D., FEI, Y. J., WANG, X., XIONG, Y. Y., NIE, Y. X., FENG, K. A. XRD and Raman study of vanadium oxide thin films deposited on fused silica substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Applied Surface Science, 2001, vol. 177, p. 8-14.
  3. LEE, S. H., CHEONG, H. M., SEONG, M. J., LIU, P., TRACY, C. E., MASCARENHAS, A., PITTS, J. R., DEB, S. K. Raman spectroscopic studies of amorphous vanadium oxide thin films. Solid State Ionics, 2003, vol. 165, p. 111–116.
  4. CHEN, T.L., FURUBAYASHI, Y., HIROSE, Y., HITOSUGI, T., SHIMADA, T., HASEGAWA, T. Anatase phase stability and doping concentration dependent refractivity in codoped transparent conducting TiO2 films. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2007, vol. 40, p. 5961-5964.
  5. MITU, B., VIZIREANU, S., BIRJEGA, R., DINESCU, M., SOMACESCU, S., OSICEANU, P., PARVULESCU, V., DINESCU, G. Comparative properties of ternary oxides of ZrO2– TiO2–Y2O3 obtained by laser ablation, magnetron sputtering and sol–gel techniques. Thin Solid Films, 2007, vol. 515, p. 6484- 6488.
  6. ZHENG, Y. B., WANG, S. J., HUAN, C. H. A. Microstructuredependent band structure of HfO2 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 2006, vol. 504, p. 197-200.
  7. DE VOGELAERE, M., SOMMER, V., SPRINGBORN, H., MICHELSEN-MOHAMMADEIN, U. High-speed plating for electronic applications. Electrochimica Acta, 2001, vol. 47, p. 109- 116.
  8. DOMARADZKI, J. Structural, optical and electrical properties of transparent V and Pd-doped TiO2 thin films prepared by sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 2006, vol. 497, p. 243-248.
  9. MUSIL, J., BAROCH, P., VLCEK, J., NAM, K. H., HAN, J. G. Reactive magnetron sputtering of thin films: present and trends. Thin Solid Films, 2005, vol. 475, p. 208-218.
  10. MUSIL, J., VLCEK, J. Magnetron sputtering of hard nanocomposite coatings and their properties. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2001, vol. 142-144, p. 557-566.
  11. POSADOWSKI, W. M. Pulsed magnetron sputtering of reactive compound. Thin Solid Films, 1999, vol. 343-344, p. 85-89.
  12. DOMARADZKI, J., KACZMAREK, D., BORKOWSKA, A., SCHMEISSER, D., MUELLER, S., WASIELEWSKI, R., CISZEWSKI, A. Influence of annealing on structure and stoichiometry of europium doped titanium dioxide thin film. Vacuum, 2008, vol. 82/10, p. 1007-1012.
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  14. MUSIL, J., KADLEC, S., VALVODA, V., KUZEL, R., CERNY, R. Ion - assisted sputtering of TiN films. Surf. Coat. Technol., 1990, vol. 43–44, p. 259–269.
  15. KACZMAREK, D., DOMARADZKI, J., WOJCIESZAK, D., WASIELEWSKI, R., BORKOWSKA, A., PROCIOW, E. L., CISZEWSKI, A. Structural investigations of TiO2:Tb thin films by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Applied Surface Science, 2008, vol. 254, p. 4303-4307.
  16. KAID, M. A. Characterization of electrochromic vanadium pentoxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Egypt. J. Solids, 2006, vol. 29, p. 273-291.
  17. RAMANA, C. V., HUSSAIN, O. M. Optical absorption behaviour of vanadium pentoxide thin films. Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics, 1997, vol. 7, p. 225-231.
  18. SCHRODER, D. K. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization. New York: Wiley-Intersci. Publication, 1998.

Keywords: Magnetron sputtering, vanadium oxide, optical properties, electrical properties

S. Cichon, B. Barda, P. Machac [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Ni and Ni Silicides Ohmic Contacts on N-type 6H-SiC with Medium and Low Doping Level

Ni silicides contacts, which are expected to be advantageous contact materials on SiC, were tested in this work. Prepared contact structures were ohmic with low contact resistivity approximately 8×10-4 Ω cm2 after annealing at 960°C as far as the SiC substrate with a medium doping level was concerned, no matter whether Ni or Ni silicides were used. At lower annealing temperatures, only Schottky behavior was observed by means of I-V characteristics measurements. In the case of SiC substrate with a low doping level, the behavior differed. It was necessary to anneal the structures at 1070°C to see ohmic behavior appearing with resistivities reaching 8×10-3 Ω cm2 and this was valid only for Ni and Ni2Si. Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed formation of single Ni silicides as expected. It was found that Ni silicides can keep as good resistivity as Ni contacts while they interact with SiC in limited way and their undesirable drop-like morphology is expected to be overcome for example with a covering layer.

  1. PORTER, L. M., DAVIS, R. F. A critical-review of ohmic and rectifying contacts for silicon-carbide. Materials Science and Engineering B, 1995, vol. 34, no. 2-3, p. 83 – 105.
  2. TREU, M., RUPP, R., BLASCHITZ, P., HILSENBECK, J. Commercial SiC device processing: Status and requirements with respect to SiC based power devices. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2006, vol. 40, no. 4-6, p. 380 – 387.
  3. MARINOVA, T., KAKANAKOVA-GEORGIEVA, A., KRASTEV, V., KAKANAKOV, R., NESHEV, M., KASSAMAKOVA, L., NOBLANC, O., ARNODO, C., CASSETTE, S., BRYLINSKI, C., PECZ, B., RADNOCZI, G., VINCZE, G. Nickel based ohmic contacts on SiC. Materials Science and Engineering B, 1997, vol. 46, no. 1-3, p. 223 -226.
  4. HAN, S. Y., KIM, K. H., KIM, J. K., JANG, H. W., LEE, K. H., KIM, N.-K., KIM, E. D., LEE, J.-L. Ohmic contact formation mechanism of Ni on n-type 4H–SiC. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, vol. 79, no. 12, p. 1816 – 1818.
  5. GUZIEWICZ, M., PIOTROWSKA, A., KAMINSKA, E., GRASZA, K., DIDUSZKO, R., STONERT, A., TUROS, A., SOCHACKI, M., SZMIDT, J. Ta-Si contacts to n-SiC for high temperatures device. Materials Science and Engineering B, 2006, vol. 135, no. 3, p. 289 – 293.
  6. DEEB, C., HEUER, A. H. A low-temperature route to thermodynamically stable ohmic contacts to n-type 6H-SiC. Applied Physics Letters, 2004, vol. 84, no. 7, p. 1117 – 1119.
  7. NAKAMURA, T., SATOH, M. Schottky barrier height of a new ohmic contact NiSi2 to n-type 6H-SiC. Solid-State Electronics, 2002, vol. 46, no. 12, p. 2063 – 2067.
  8. KUCHUK, A, KLADKO, V., PIOTROWSKA, A., MINIKAYEV, R., STONERT, A., RATAJCZAK, R. Fabrication and characterization of nickel silicide ohmic contacts to n-type 4H silicon carbide. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2008, vol. 100, part 4.
  9. EDMOND, J.A., RYU, J., GLASS, J. T., DAVIS, R. F. Electrical contacts to beta-silicon carbide thin-films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1988, vol. 135, no. 2, p. 359 -362.
  10. HARIMA, H. Raman scattering characterization on SiC. Microelectronic Engineering, 2006, vol. 83, no. 1, p. 126-129.
  11. BHASKARAN, M., SRIRAM, S., PEROVA, T. S., ERMAKOV, V., THOROGOOD, G. J., SHORT, K. T., HOLLAND, A. S. In situ micro-Raman analysis and X-ray diffraction of nickel silicide thin films on silicon. Micron, 2009, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 89-93.
  12. WAN, L., REN, Y., TANG, B., CHENG, X., ZHANG, X., XU, D., LUO, H., HUANG, Y. Polarized Raman spectroscopy study of NiSi film grown on Si(001) substrate. Applied Physics A, 2009, vol. 97, no. 3, p. 693-697.
  13. CONTI, G., LAZIK, C., URITSKY, Y. Micro-Raman characterization of phase formation and thermal stability of nickel silicide thin films. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2005, vol. 11, p. 2094 – 2095.
  14. CAO, Y., NYBORG, L., YI, D.-Q., JELVESTAM, U. Study of reaction process on Ni/4H-SiC contact. Materials Science and Technology, 2006, vol. 22, no. 10, p. 1227 – 1234.
  15. HUANG, W., ZHANG, L., GAO, Y., JIN, H. Effect of a thin W, Pt, Mo, and Zr interlayer on the thermal stability and electrical characteristics of NiSi. Microelectronic Engineering, 2007, vol. 84, no. 4, p. 678 – 683.
  16. ZHAO, F. F., ZHENG, J. Z., SHEN, Z. X., OSIPOWICZ, T., GAO, W. Z., CHAN, L. H. Thermal stability study of NiSi and NiSi2 thin films. Microelectronic Engineering, 2004, vol. 71, no. 1, p. 104 – 111.
  17. BARDA, B., MACHAC, P. Reactions of nickel-based ohmic contacts with n-type 4H silicon carbide. Electroscope (ISSN 1802- 4564). Electronic Devices and Systems IMAPS CS International Conference 2009, Brno (Czech Republic).

Keywords: Silicon carbide, ohmic contact, silicide, Raman

I. Szendiuch [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Development in Electronic Packaging – Moving to 3D System Configuration

The electronic industry is reducing package dimensions of components as well as complete electronics systems. Surface mount device passives and semiconductor chips have to be mounted together bringing a functional system that must realize the required function with necessary reliability and acceptable price. To make up a reliable and cost effective system, the size and weight is being reduced by employing lower voltages and higher speeds. For example, the typical size of SMD passives 30 years ago was 1206 when they were first introduced. Generally, all components including electrical joints are becoming miniaturized and smaller. The industry is moving toward a reduced size of 0201 and 01005 for passives, new fine pitch packages for actives, but the PCB now feature limits for further integration. System on Package (SOP) is one way to reach the three-dimensional package concept where components will be placed in three-dimensional configuration. A similar concepts are “Package on Package” (PoP) or ”Package in Package” (PiP).

  1. TUMMALA, R., R. Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  2. BROWN, W., D. Advanced Electronic Packaging. New York: IEEE Press, 1998.
  3. SZENDIUCH, I., SANDERA, J., BILEK, J. Multi substrate modules – cheap solution for 3D packaging. In Proceedings of the IMAPS Nordic Annual Conference. Stockholm (Sweden), 2002, p. 114 – 122.
  4. ADAMEK, M., PRASEK, J., NICAK, M. New trends of BGA soldering in education. Electronics, 2009, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 26 - 28.
  5. ASCHENBRENNER, R. Greetings from IEEE/CPMT. In 30th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology ISSE 2007. Cluj Napoca (Romania), 2007.
  6. Pac Tech – Packaging Technologies. [Online] 2011. Available at: http://www.pactech.com.
  7. HASKARD, M. R., PITT, K. Thick-film technology and applications. Isle of Man (UK): Electrochemical Publications Ltd., 2004.
  8. iNEMI, The International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative. [Online] 2009. Available at: http://www.inemi.org/
  9. TUMMALA, R., SWAMINATHAN, M. Introduction to System on Package. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.
  10. HARPER, CH. A. Electric Packaging and Interconnection Handbook. New York: McGraw Hill, 2000.
  11. PRC Homepage: 3D Systems Packaging Research Center. [Online] 2009. Available at: http://www.prc.gatech.edu/.

Keywords: Electronic Packaging, Integration in Electronics, System on Package (SoP), Package on Package (PoP), 3D packaging.

L. Brancik, B. Sevcik [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Computer Simulation of Nonuniform MTLs via Implicit Wendroff and State-Variable Methods

The paper deals with techniques for a computer simulation of nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) based on the implicit Wendroff and the statevariable methods. The techniques fall into a class of finitedifference time-domain (FDTD) methods useful to solve various electromagnetic systems. Their basic variants are extended and modified to enable solving both voltage and current distributions along nonuniform MTL’s wires and their sensitivities with respect to lumped and distributed parameters. An experimental error analysis is performed based on the Thomson cable whose analytical solutions are known, and some examples of simulation of both uniform and nonuniform MTLs are presented. Based on the Matlab language programme, CPU times are analyzed to compare efficiency of the methods. Some results for nonlinear MTLs simulation are presented as well.

  1. HALL, S. H., HECK, H. L. Advanced Signal Integrity for High- Speed Digital Designs. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
  2. BENESOVA, Z., MAYER, D. Overvoltage phenomena on transmission lines. In Proc. of the XI. ISTET’2001. Linz (Austria), 2001, p. 1 - 4.
  3. BENESOVA, Z., KOTLAN, V. Propagation of surge waves on interconnected transmission lines induced by lightning stroke. Acta Technica CSAV, 2006, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 301 - 316.
  4. BRANCIK, L. Transient and sensitivity analysis of uniform multiconductor transmission lines via FDTD methods. In Proc. of the XV. ISTET’2009. Lubeck (Germany), 2009, p. 109 - 113.
  5. BRANCIK, L. Time-domain analysis of multiconductor transmission lines per implicit Wendroff method. In Proc. of Int. IMAPS EDS 2010 Conference. Brno (Czech Republic), 2010, p. 45 - 50.
  6. CHENG, C. K., LILLIS, J., LIN, S., CHANG, N. Interconnect Analysis and Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
  7. BRANCIK, L. Sensitivity in multiconductor transmission line lumped-parameter models. In Proc. of the 31st International Conference TSP’2008. Paradfurdo (Hungary), 2008, p. 1 - 4.
  8. BRANCIK, L. Transient and sensitivity analysis at semi-discrete multiconductor transmission line models. Electroscope [online]. Cited 2010-12-04. Available at: http://www.electroscope.zcu.cz.
  9. SULLIVAN, D. M. Electromagnetic Simulation using the FDTD Method. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
  10. SUI, W. Time-Domain Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Hybrid Systems. New York: CRC Press, 2002.
  11. DOU, L., DOU, J. Sensitivity analysis of lossy nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines based on Lax-Wendroff technique. Int. J. Numer. Model., 2010, vol. 23, no.3, p. 165 - 182.
  12. DEDKOVA, J., BRANCIK, L. Laplace transform and FDTD approach applied to MTL simulation. Piers Online, 2008, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 16 - 20.
  13. PAUL, C. R. Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
  14. GANTMACHER, F. R. The Theory of Matrices. Providence: AMS Chelsea Publishing, 2000.
  15. MOLER, C., LOAN, C. V. Nineteen dubious ways to compute the exponential of a matrix, twenty-five years later. SIAM Review, 2003, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 1 - 46.
  16. BRANCIK, L. Matlab programs for matrix exponential function derivative evaluation. In Proc. of Technical Computing Prague 2008. Prague (Czech Republic), 2008, p. 17 - 24.
  17. BRANCIK, L. Matlab oriented matrix Laplace transforms inversion for distributed systems simulation. In Proc. of the 12th Int. Conf. Radioelektronika. Bratislava (Slovakia), 2002, p. 114 - 117.
  18. GRIFFITH, J. R., NAKHLA, M. S. Time-domain analysis of lossy coupled transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1990, vol. 38, no. 10, p. 1480 - 1487.

Keywords: Multiconductor transmission line, Wendroff method, state-variable method, sensitivity analysis, Matlab

D. Biolek, Z. Biolek, V. Biolkova [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Behavioral Modeling of Memcapacitor

Two behavioral models of memcapacitor are developed and implemented in SPICE-compatible simulators. Both models are related to the charge-controlled memcapacitor, the capacitance of which is controlled by the amount of electric charge conveyed through it. The first model starts from the state description of memcapacitor whereas the second one uses the memcapacitor constitutive relation as the only input data. Results of transient analyses clearly show the basic fingerprints of the memcapacitor.

  1. CHUA, L.O. Memristor–the missing circuit element. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971, vol. CT-18, no. 5, p. 507 – 519.
  2. STRUKOV, D.B., SNIDER, G.S., STEWART, D.R., WILLIAMS, R.S. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol.453, p.80–83
  3. CHUA, L.O., KANG, S.M. Memristive devices and systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976, vol. 64, no. 2, p. 209 – 223.
  4. BIOLEK, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. SPICE model of memristor with nonlinear dopant drift. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 210 – 214.
  5. BIOLEK, D., BIOLEK, Z., BIOLKOVA, V. SPICE modelling of memcapacitor. Electron. Lett., 2010, vol. 46, no. 7, p. 520 – 522.
  6. BIOLEK, D., BIOLEK, Z., BIOLKOVA, V. SPICE Modeling of Memristive, Memcapacitative and Meminductive Systems. In Proceedings of ECCTD '09. Antalya (Turkey), 2009, p. 249 – 252.
  7. PERSHIN, Y.V., Di VENTRA, M. Memristive circuits simulate memcapacitors and meminductors. Electronics Letters, 2010, vol. 46, no. 7, p. 517 – 518.
  8. BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. Mutator for transforming memristor into memcapacitor. Electronics Letters, 2010, vol. 46, no. 21, p. 1428 – 1429.
  9. BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Mutators simulating memcapacitors and meminductors. In Proceedings of 2010 Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APPCAS 2010). Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 2010. To be published.
  10. PERSHIN, Y.V, Di VENTRA, M. Practical approach to programmable analog circuits with memristors. IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems – I, 2010, vol. 57, no. 8, p. 1857 – 1864.
  11. VALSA, J., BIOLEK, D., BIOLEK, Z. An analogue model of the memristor. International Journal of Numerical Modelling, 2010, published online: 25 August 2010, DOI: 10.1002/jnm.786.
  12. Micro-Cap homepage: www.spectrum-software.com.
  13. JOGLEKAR, Y.N., WOLF, S.J. The elusive memristor: properties of basic electrical circuits. European Journal of Physics, 2009, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 661 – 675.
  14. KAVEHEI, O., IQBAL, A., KIM, Y.S., ESHRAGHIAN, K., Al- SARAWI, S.F., ABBOT, D. The fourth element: characteristics, modelling, and electromagnetic theory of the memristor. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Published online 17 March 2010, p. 1 – 28. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2009.0553.
  15. CHUA, L.O. Nonlinear circuit foundations for nanodevices. Part I: The four-element torus. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2003, vol. 91, no. 11, p. 1830 – 1859.

Keywords: Memcapacitor, memristor, SPICE, constitutive relation

V. Kledrowetz, J. Haze [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Basic Block of Pipelined ADC Design Requirements

The paper describes design requirements of a basic stage (called MDAC - Multiplying Digital-to- Analog Converter) of a pipelined ADC. There exist error sources such as finite DC gain of opamp, capacitor mismatch, thermal noise, etc., arising when the switched capacitor (SC) technique and CMOS technology are used. These non-idealities are explained and their influences on overall parameters of a pipelined ADC are studied. The pipelined ADC including non-idealities was modeled in MATLAB - Simulink simulation environment.

  1. KLEDROWETZ, V., HAZE, J. Multiplying digital-to-analog converter with 1,5 and 2,5 bit resolution - case study. In Proceedings of 15th International EDS Conference 2008. Brno (Czech Republic), 2008, p. 326 - 331.
  2. CHANG-HYUK, CH. A Power Optimized Pipelined Analog-to- Digital Converter Design in Deep Sub-Micron CMOSmos Technology. Dissertation, 2005.
  3. OSHIMA, T., TAKAHASHI, T., YAMAWAKI, T. 23-mW 50- MS/s 10-bit pipeline A/D converter with nonlinear LMS foreground calibration. In IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems ISCAS 2009. Taipei (Taiwan), p. 960 - 963.
  4. ALLEN, P., E., HOLBERG, D., R. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  5. BYUNG-MOO, M., KIM, P., BOWMAN, F. W., BOISVERT, D. M., AUDE, A. J. A 69-mW 10-bit 80-MSample/s pipelined CMOS ADC. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2003, vol. 38, no. 12, p. 2031 - 2039.
  6. HEE CHEOL, CH., HO-JIN P., SUNG-SIK, H., SHIN-KYU, B., JAE-WHUI, K,. CHUNG, P. A 1.5 V 10-bit 25 MSPS pipelined A/D converter. The First IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on ASICs. Seoul (South Korea), 1999, p. 170 - 173.
  7. WALTARI, M. E., HALONEN, A. I. Circuit Techniques for Low- Voltage and High-Speed A/D Converter. Dordrecht (The Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
  8. EL-SANKARY, K., SAWAN, M. Background capacitor mismatch calibration for pipelined ADC. In Proceedings of the IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Cairo (Egypt), 2003, p.164 - 167.
  9. WANG, H., WANG, X., HURST, P., LEWIS, S. Nested digital background calibration of a 12-bit pipelined ADC without an input SHA. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2004, vol. 44, no. 10, p.164 - 167.
  10. NAN, S., HAE-SEUNG, L., DONHEE, H. Digital background calibration in pipelined ADCs using commutated feedback capacitor switching. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2008, vol. 55, no. 9, p. 877 - 881.
  11. IMRAN, A. Pipelined ADC Design and Enhancement Techniques. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

Keywords: Pipelined ADC, MDAC, SC technique, MATLAB model, thermal noise, opamp

T. Urban, O. Subrt, P. Martinek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis and Design Procedure of LVLP Sub-bandgap Reference - Development and Results

This work presents an thorough analysis and design of a low-voltage low-power voltage reference circuit with sub-bandgap output voltage. The outcome of the analysis and the resulting design rules are universal and it is supposed to be general and suitable for similar topologies with just minor modifications. The general analysis is followed by a selection of specific topology. The given topology is analyzed for particular parameters which are standard industrial circuit specifications. These parameters are mathematically expressed, some are simplified and equivalent circuits are used. The analysis and proposed design procedure focuses mainly on versatility of the IP block. The features of the circuit suit to low-voltage low-power design with less than 10μA supply current draw at 1.3V supply voltage. For testing purposes a complex transistor level design was created and verified in wide range of supply voltages (1.3 to 3.3V) and temperatures (-45 to 95°C) all in concrete 0.35μm IC design process using Mentor Graphics® and Cadence® software.

  1. BANBA, H. et al. A CMOS bandgap reference circuit with sub-1-V operation. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 1999, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 670 - 674.
  2. URBAN, T. Integrated Low-Power Voltage Reference Block. Master thesis. Prague: CTU FEE, 2010.
  3. URBAN, T. Versatile sub-bandgap reference IP core. In IEEE International Symposium on Design & Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits & Systems. Vienna (Austria), 2010, p. 393 - 398.
  4. SEGUPTA, S. et al. Design considerations in bandgap references over process variations. In IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Kobe (Japan), 2005, vol. 4, p. 3869 – 3872.
  5. TADEPARTHY, P. A CMOS bandgap reference with correction for device-to-device variation. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Vancouver (Canada), 2004, vol. 1, p. 397 – 400.
  6. YTTERDAL, T. CMOS bandgap voltage reference circuit for supply voltages down to 0.6V. Electronics Letters, 2003, vol. 39, no. 20, p. 1427 – 1428.
  7. SZE, S. M. Physics of Semiconductor Devices. New York: Wiley, 2006.
  8. ALLEN, P. E., HOLBERG, P. E. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  9. URBAN, T. Analysis and design procedure of LVLP sub-bandgap reference. IMAPS conference on Electronic Devices and Systems. Brno (Czech Republic), 2010.

Keywords: Low-voltage, Low-power, Bandgap reference, step-by-step design

J. Bajer, A. Lahiri, D. Biolek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Current-Mode CCII+ Based Oscillator Circuits using a Conventional and a Modified Wien-Bridge with All Capacitors Grounded

The paper deals with a pair of current-mode sine-wave oscillator circuits. Both these circuits are implemented using positive second-generation current conveyors (CCII+). The principle of the first oscillator is based on a conventional Wien-bridge network. However, this implementation suffers from the use of a floating capacitor, which can be unacceptable in the case of on-chip integration. This drawback is solved in the second variant via a slight modification of the Wien-bridge network, which then allows the use of all capacitors grounded. The modified circuit version was manufactured by means of the socalled diamond transistors, which play the role of CCII+ active building blocks. The circuit behavior was analyzed theoretically, with particular emphasis on the identification of real effects and their elimination, and subsequently verified experimentally. The experimental results are included in the paper.

  1. SENANI, R., GUPTA, S. S. Novel SRCOs using first generation current conveyor. Int. Journal of Electronics, 2000, vol. 87, no. 10, p. 1187-1192.
  2. ABUELMA'ATTI, M. T., AL-GHUMAIZ, A. A-A. Novel currentconveyor- based single-element-controlled oscillator employing grounded resistors and capacitors. Active and Passive Electronic Components, 1995, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 203-206.
  3. MINHAJ, N. CCII-based single-element controlled quadrature oscillators employing grounded passive components. Int. Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 2009, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 294-296.
  4. SOLIMAN, A. M. Synthesis of grounded capacitor and grounded resistor oscillators. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1999, vol. 336, no. 4, p. 735-746.
  5. MARTINEZ, P. A., SABADELL, J., ALDEA, C., CELMA, S. Variable frequency sinusoidal oscillators based on CCII+. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1999, vol. 46, no. 11, p. 1386 – 1390.
  6. NANDI, R. Wien bridge oscillators using current conveyors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1977, vol. 65, no. 11, p. 1608-1609.
  7. SOLIMAN, A. M. Novel generation method of current mode Wien-type oscillators using current conveyors. Int. Journal of Electronics, 1998, vol. 85, no. 6, p. 737–747.
  8. MARTINEZ, P. A., CELMA, S., GUTIERREZ, I. Wien-type oscillators using CCII+. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 1995, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 139–147.
  9. ABUELMA’ATTI, M. T, HUMOOD, N. A. Two new minimumcomponent Wien bridge oscillators using current conveyors. Int. Journal of Electronics, 1987, vol. 63, p. 669-672.
  10. SVOBODA, J. A., McGORY, L., WEBB, S. Applications of commercially available current conveyor. Int. Journal of Electronics, 1991, vol. 70, no. 1, p. 159-164.
  11. CELMA, S., MARTINEZ, P. A., CARLOSENA, A. Current feedback amplifiers based sinusoidal oscillators. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1994, vol. 41, no. 12, p. 906-908.
  12. MARTINEZ, P. A., CELMA, S., SABADELL, J. Designing sinusoidal oscillators with current-feedback amplifiers. Int. Journal of Electronics, 1996, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 637-646.
  13. SENANI, R. On equivalent forms of single-op-amp sinusoidal RC oscillators. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1994, vol. 41, no. 10, p. 617-624.
  14. OP860. Wide Bandwidth Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) and Buffer, Datasheet, Texas Instruments, SBOS331B, June 2006.
  15. BIOLEK, D., et al. Z Copy - Controlled Gain - Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier and its applications. Int. Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2010. Published online: March 22, 2010 in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
  16. BAJER, J., VAVRA, J., BIOLEK, D. A new building block for analog signal processing: current follower/inverter buffered transconductance amplifier. In Proc. of the IEEE conf. Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics PRIME 2009, July 2009, p. 136-139.
  17. BIOLEK, D., et al. Single-input multi-output resistorless currentmode biquad. In Proc. of ECCTD '09, European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design. August 2009, p. 225-228.
  18. BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z., BIOLEK, D. Fully balanced voltage differencing buffered amplifier and its applications. In Proc. of the 52nd MWSCAS, August 2009, p. 45-48.
  19. BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. Implementation of active elements for analog signal processing by diamond transistors. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. EDS-IMAPS 2009, September 2009, p. 304-309.
  20. LINDBERG, E. The Wien bridge oscillator family. In Proc. of ICSES'06 - Int. Conf. on Signals and Electronic Systems, 2006, p. 189-192.
  21. KOLKA, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. Symbolic analysis of linear circuits with modern active elements. WSEAS Transactions on Electronics, 2008, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 88-96.
  22. PALUMBO, G., PENNISI, M., PENNISI, S. Wien-type oscillators: Evaluation and optimization of harmonic distortion. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2008, vol. 55, no. 7, p. 628-632.

Keywords: Diamond transistor, Wien-bridge oscillator, current-mode, current conveyor

Z. Kolka, M. Vlk, M. Horak [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Topology Reduction for Approximate Symbolic Analysis

The paper deals with a procedure for approximate symbolic analysis of linear circuits based on simplifying the circuit model. The procedure consists of two main steps. First, network elements whose influence on the circuit function is negligible are completely removed, i.e. their parameters are removed from the resulting symbolic formula. The second step consists in modifying the voltage and current graphs in order to decrease the number of common spanning trees. The influence of each modification of the circuit model is ranked numerically. A fast method based on the use of cofactors is presented. It allows evaluating all the prospective simplifications using at most two matrix inversions per one frequency point.

  1. SOMMER, R., HALFMANN, T., BROZ, J. Automated behavioral modeling and analytical model-order reduction by application of symbolic circuit analysis for multi-physical systems. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2008, no. 16, p. 1024–1039.
  2. KOLKA, Z., BIOLEK, D., KALOUS, J., BIOLKOVA, V. Program for Multi- Domain Symbolic Analysis. In Proc. of 11th International Workshop on Symbolic and Numerical Methods, Modeling and Application to Circuit Design SM2ACD 2010. Tunis (Tunisia), 2010, p. 120-123.
  3. DAEMS, W. et al. Evaluation of error-control strategies for the linear symbolic analysis of analog integrated circuits. IEEE Trans Circ Syst.-I, 1999, vol. 46, no. 5, p. 594-606.
  4. DAEMS, W., GIELEN, G., SANSEN, W. Circuit simplification for the symbolic analysis of analog integrated circuits. IEEE Trans Comp Aided Design, 2002, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 395-407.
  5. HENNIG, E. Symbolic approximation and modeling techniques for analysis and design of analog circuits. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Kaiserslautern (Germany), 2000.
  6. YU, Q., SECHEN, C. A unified approach to the approximate symbolic analysis of large analog integrated circuits. IEEE Trans Circ Syst-I, 1996, vol. 43, no. 8, p. 656-69.
  7. LIN, P. M. Symbolic Network Analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
  8. KOLKA, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. Symbolic analysis of linear circuits with modern active elements. WSEAS Transactions on Electronics, 2008, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 88-96.
  9. CHEN, W. K. Active Network Analysis. World Scientific Publishing, UK, 1991.
  10. HOUSEHOLDER, A. S. The Theory of Matrices in Numerical Analysis. New York, 1964.
  11. MAYEDA, W, SESHU, S. Topological Formulas for Network Functions. Eng. Exp. Station, University of Illinois, Bulletin 446, Urbana, 1957.
  12. PALUMBO, G. Bipolar current feedback amplifiers: Compensation guidelines. Int. J. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, May 1999, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 107–114.

Keywords: Symbolic analysis, two-graph method, circuit reduction, linear circuits, frequency domain.

J. Bauer, J. Lettl [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Solar Power Station Output Inverter Control Design

The photovoltaic applications spreads in these days fast, therefore they also undergo great development. Because the amount of the energy obtained from the panel depends on the surrounding conditions, as intensity of the sun exposure or the temperature of the solar array, the converter must be connected to the panel output. The Solar system equipped with inverter can supply small loads like notebooks, mobile chargers etc. in the places where the supplying network is not present. Or the system can be used as a generator and it shall deliver energy to the supply network. Each type of the application has different requirements on the converter and its control algorithm. But for all of them the one thing is common – the maximal efficiency. The paper focuses on design and simulation of the low power inverter that acts as output part of the whole converter. In the paper the design of the control algorithm of the inverter for both types of inverter application – for islanding mode and for operation on the supply grid – is discussed. Attention is also paid to the design of the output filter that should reduce negative side effects of the converter on the supply network.

  1. LISERRE, M., BLAABJERG, F., HANSEN, S. Design and control of an lcl-filter based three-phase active rectifier. In Industry Applications Conference, 2001. Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE, vol. 1, 2001.
  2. ARAUJO, S. V., ENGLER, A., SAHAN, B. LCL filter design for grid-connected NPC inverters in offshore wind turbines. In The 7th International Conference on Power Electronics. Daegu (Korea), 2007.
  3. HINZ, H., MUTSCHLER, P., CALAIS, M. Control of a single phase three level voltage source inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems. PCIM 1997
  4. DAHONO, P. A. A method to damp oscillations on the input LC filter of current-type ac-dc PWM converters by using a virtual resistor. In Telecommunications Energy Conference INTELEC’03, 2003.
  5. da SILVA, O., NOVOCHADLO, S. A., MODESTO, R. Singlephase PLL structure using modified p-q theory for utility connected system. In Proc. of the 39th Power Electronics Specialists Conference PESC 2008. Rhodes (Greece), 2008.
  6. CIOBOTARU, M., TEODORESCU, R., BLAABJERG, F. A new single-phase PLL structure based on second order generalized integrator. In Proc. of the 37th Power Electronics Specialists Conference PESC 2006.
  7. FRANKE, W. T., BENZ, Ch., FUCHS, F. W. Low voltage ride through capability of a 5kW grid-tied solar inverter. In Proceedings of the 14th International Power Electronic and Motion Control Conference. Ohrid (Macedonia), 2010.
  8. SUUL, J. A., JLOKELSOY, K., MIDSTUND, T., UNDELAND, T. Synchronous reference frame hysteresis current control for grid converter applications. In Proceedings of the 14th International Power Electronic and Motion Control Conference. Ohrid (Macedonia), 2010.
  9. KADRI, R., GAUBERT, J.-P., CHAMPENOIS, G. Design of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system based on deadbeat current control with LCL filter. In Proceedings of the 14th International Power Electronic and Motion Control Conference. Ohrid (Macedonia), 2010.
  10. SEHIRLI, E., ALTINAY, M. Control of LCL filter based voltage source converter. In Proceedings of the 14th International Power Electronic and Motion Control Conference. Ohrid (Macedonia), 2010.

Keywords: Voltage source inverter, L-C-L filter, hysteresis controller, PWM

K. Pitra, Z. Raida [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Planar Millimeter-Wave Antennas: A Comparative Study

The paper describes the design and the experimental verification of three types of wideband antennas. Attention is turned to the bow-tie antenna, the Vivaldi antenna and the spiral antenna designed for the operation at millimeter waves. Bandwidth, input impedance, gain, and directivity pattern are the investigated parameters. Antennas are compared considering computer simulations in CST Microwave Studio and measured data.

  1. PITRA, K. Antennas for Millimetre-Wave Band. Master’s thesis, Brno: Brno University of Technology, 2010.
  2. RAHIM, M. K. A., ABDUK AZIZ, M. Z. A., GOH, C. S. Bow-tie microstrip antenna design. In 13th IEE International Conference on Networks Jointly held with the 2005 7th IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications, 2005, p. 17 – 20.
  3. MUKHERJEE, P., GUPTA, B. Terahertz (THz) frequency sources and antennas - a brief overview. International Journal on Infrared and Millimetre Waves, 2008, vol. 29, no. 12, p. 1091 – 1102.
  4. POULARIKAS, A. Antenna Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications. Godara: CRC Press, 2002, p 30 – 40.
  5. HUDLICKA, M. Coplanar Antenna with Leaky Wave. Master’s thesis. Prague: Czech Technical University in Prague, 2004.
  6. ABBOSH, A. Directive antenna for ultra-wideband medical imaging systems. International Journal on Antennas and Propagation, 2008, vol. 2008, Article ID 854012.
  7. PROCHAZKA, M. Antennas – Handbook. Prague: BEN Publishing, 2005, p. 67 – 69 (in Czech).
  8. VASILIADIS, T. G., VAITSOPOULOS, E. G., SERGIADIS, G.D. A wideband printed dipole antenna with optimized tapered feeding balun for ISM and FWA bands. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2004, vol. 43, no. 5, p. 437 – 441.
  9. KLOPFENSTEIN, R. W. A transmission line taper of improved design. Proceedings of the IRE, 1956, vol. 44, p. 31 – 35.
  10. NGUYEN, C. Analysis Methods for RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Planar Transmission Line Structures. John Wiley and Sons, 2000, p. 63 – 81.
  11. PITRA, K., RAIDA, Z. Wideband feeders for millimeter-wave horn antennas. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Microwave Techniques, COMITE. Brno (Czech Republic), 2010, p. 39 – 41.

Keywords: Vivaldi antenna, bow-tie antenna, spiral antenna, ultra-wideband (UWB) communication, millimeter waves.

P. Piksa, S. Zvanovec, P. Cerny [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Elliptic and Hyperbolic Dielectric Lens Antennas in mm-Waves

Dielectric lenses can substantially improve antenna parameters, especially the planarity of radiated waves and the antenna gain. The paper deals with their application in millimeter-wave band. The main goal concerns the introduction of characteristics and differences between the most commonly used types of dielectric lens antennas, i.e. elliptic and hyperbolic. Their particular features as well as behavior of radiating systems incorporating the lenses are investigated. Specific features of these lenses are discussed for both, near-field and farfield based on simulation and measurement results.

  1. ZVANOVEC, S., PIKSA, P., CERNY, P., MAZANEK, M., PECHAC, P. Gas attenuation measurement by utilization of Fabry- Perot resonator. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation. Edinburgh (UK), 2007.
  2. PIKSA, P., CERNY, P., ZVANOVEC, S., MAZANEK, M., URBAN, S. Dielectric lens utilization for Fabry-Perot resonator optimal coupling. In Proceedings of the European Microwave Week 2008 "Bridging Gaps" Conference. Amsterdam (Netherlands), 2008, p. 955 - 958.
  3. ZVANOVEC, S., CERNY, P., PIKSA, P., KORINEK, T., PECHAC, P., MAZANEK, M., VARGA, J., KOUBEK, J., URBAN, S. The use of the Fabry-Perot interferometer for high resolution microwave spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 2009, vol. 256, no. 1, p. 141 - 145.
  4. PIKSA, P., CERNY, P., ZVANOVEC, S., MAZANEK, M. Optimization of beam focusing into the Stark´s cell for mm-wave spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation. Edinburgh (UK), 2007.
  5. JOHNSON, R. C. Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993, Ch.16.
  6. WESTCOTT, B. S., BRICKELL, F. General dielectric-lens shaping using complex co-ordinates. IEE Proceedings on Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 1986, vol. 133, p. 122 - 126.
  7. LEE, J. Dielectric lens shaping and coma-correction zoning, part I: analysis. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1983, vol. 31, p. 211 - 216.
  8. MILLIGAN, T. A. Modern Antenna Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2005, p. 56, 448 and 451.
  9. GOLDSMITH, P. Quasioptical Systems. IEEE Press, 1998, p. 179.
  10. CHEN, C. L. Elements of Optoelectronics & fiber optics. Irwin, 1995, p. 51.

Keywords: Dielectric lens antennas, elliptic, hyperbolic, millimeter wave antennas, millimeter wave measurements.

M. Randus, K. Hoffmann [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Microwave Impedance Measurement for Nanoelectronics

The rapid progress in nanoelectronics showed an urgent need for microwave measurement of impedances extremely different from the 50Ω reference impedance of measurement instruments. In commonly used methods input impedance or admittance of a device under test (DUT) is derived from measured value of its reflection coefficient causing serious accuracy problems for very high and very low impedances due to insufficient sensitivity of the reflection coefficient to impedance of the DUT. This paper brings theoretical description and experimental verification of a method developed especially for measurement of extreme impedances. The method can significantly improve measurement sensitivity and reduce errors caused by the VNA. It is based on subtraction (or addition) of a reference reflection coefficient and the reflection coefficient of the DUT by a passive network, amplifying the resulting signal by an amplifier and measuring the amplified signal as a transmission coefficient by a common vector network analyzer (VNA). A suitable calibration technique is also presented.

  1. McEUEN, P. L., FUHRER, M. S., PARK, H. Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 2002, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 78 - 85.
  2. BURKE, P. J., YU, Z., LI, S, RUTHERGLEN C. Nanotube technology for microwave applications. In Proceedings of the MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. Long Beach (CA, USA), 2005, p. 12 - 17.
  3. MOSLEY, L. E. Capacitor impedance needs for future microprocessors. In Proceedings of the CARTS USA 2006 Conference. Orlando (FL, USA), 2006.
  4. BRYANT, G. H. Principles of Microwave Measurements. Revised ed. Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus, 1993.
  5. RICHTER, M., TANBAKUCHI, H., WHITENER, M. Design of scanning capacitance microscope. In Proceedings of the 68th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium. Broomfield (CO, USA), 2006.
  6. BAHL, I., BHARTIA, P. Microwave Solid State Circuit Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2003.
  7. Agilent Technologies, USA. Specifying Calibration Standards and Kits for Agilent Vector Network Analyzers (application note). 42 pages. [Online] Cited 2010-09-21. Available at: http://www.cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-4840en.pdf.
  8. Mini-Circuits, USA. Amplifiers – Surface Mount Monolithic Gain Blocks (selection guide). [Online] Cited 2010-09-21. Available at: http://www.mini-circuits.com/products/ /amplifiers_monolithic.html.

Keywords: calibration, impedance measurement, microwave circuits, microwave measurements, nanotechnology

L. Sorokosz, W. Zieniutycz, M. Pergol, M. Mazur [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Mutual Coupling Between IFF/SSR Microstrip Antennas with Reduced Transversal Size - Experimental Study

Mutual coupling between IFF/SSR microstrip antennas is investigated experimentally in this paper. At the begining configuration and performance of isolated microstrip antenna fed by H-shaped coupling slot is presented. Next, the vertical and horizontal arrangement of the microstrip antennas array were investigated. The measurements of return loss and coupling coefficients at two operating frequencies for the two orthogonal planes are presented and compared with the results of numerical calculations, showing satisfactory agreement.

  1. STEVENS, M. Secondary Surveillance Radar, Artech House, 1988.
  2. VAN LIL, E., VAN DE CAPELLE, A. Transmission line model for mutual coupling between microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1984, vol. 32, no. 8, p. 816 - 821.
  3. BENALLA, A., GUPTA, K. C. Multiport network approach for modeling mutual coupling effects in microstrip patch antennas and arrays. IEEE Transanctions on Antennas and Propagation, 1989, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 148 - 152.
  4. VANDENBOSCH, G. A. E., DEMUYNCK, F. J. The expansion wave concept: Part II, A new way to model mutual coupling in microstrip arrays. IEEE Transanctions on Antennas and Propagation, 1998, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 407 - 413.
  5. JEDLICKA, R. P., POE, M. T., CARVER, K. R. Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas. IEEE Transanctions on Antennas and Propagation, 1981, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 147 - 149.
  6. POZAR, D. Input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antennas. IEEE Transanctions on Antennas and Propagation, 1982, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 1191 - 1196.
  7. KATEHI, P. B., JACKSON, D. R., ALEXOPOULOS, N. G. Microstrip dipoles in Handbook of Microstrip Antenna, London, 1989.
  8. ZIENIUTYCZ, W., MAZUR, M., PERGOL, M. Effect of ground plane size on radiation pattern in iff/ssr microstrip antenna on thick substrate fed by h type slot. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2010, vol. 52, no. 12, p. 2679 - 2682.

Keywords: mutual coupling, microstrip antenna arrays, IFF/SRR systems, patch antenna

D. Wolansky, R. Tkadlec [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Coaxial Filters Optimization Using Tuning Space Mapping in CST Studio

This paper deals with the optimization of coaxial filters using Tuning Space Mapping (TSM) method implemented to CST environment. The function of fine and coarse model and their link between each other is explained. In addition, supporting macros programmed in VBA language, which are used for maximum efficiency of the optimization from the user´s point of view, are mentioned. Macros are programmed in CST and are also used for automatic calibration constants determination and for automatic calibration process between the coarse model and the fine model. The whole algorithm is illustrated on the particular seven-order filter design and optimized results are compared to measured ones.

  1. MENG, J., KOZIEL, S., BANDLER, J. W., BAKR, M. H., CHENG, Q. S. Tuning-Space Mapping: A novel technique for engineering design optimization. In Microwave Symposium Digest, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International. Atlanta (GA), 2008, p. 991-994.
  2. STEPHENS, R. Visual Basic 2005 Programmer´s Reference. Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2005.
  3. MATTHAEI, G., YOUNG, L., JONES, E. M. T. Microwave Filters, Impedance Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures. Norwood: Artech House, 1980.
  4. CHEN, W. K. The Circuits and Filters Handbook. Second Edition (Electrical Engineering Handbook). CRC Press, 2002.

Keywords: Tuning Space Mapping, optimization, fine model, coarse model, VBA language, CST

J. Drinovsky, Z. Kejik, V. Ruzek, J. Zachar, J. Svacina [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Insertion Loss Estimation of EMI Filters in Unmatched Input/Output Impedance System

One of the problems in the design of powerline EMI filters is the uncertainty and ambiguity of their source/load impedances which results in breach of expected filter parameters in a real installation. The paper presents a simple technique for prediction of insertion loss limit values of EMI filters working in arbitrary unmatched mains line impedance systems.

  1. CHRISTOPOULOS, CH. Principles and Techniques of Electromagnetic Compatibility. Boca Raton (USA): CRC Press, 2001.
  2. HABIGER, E. Elektromagnetische Vertr¨aglichkeit. Hedielberg (Germany): H¨uthig Buch Verlag, 1992.
  3. MALACK, J. A., ENGRTROM, J. R. RF Impedance of United States and European power lines. IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1976, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 36-38.
  4. Schaffner, Switzerland. Catalogue data of EMI filters (data sheets). 6 pages. [online] Cited 2010-09-25. Available at http://www.schaffner.com/.
  5. CSN CISPR 17: Methods of Measurement of the Suppression Characteristics of Passive Radio Interference Filters and Suppression Components. Czech Technical Standard. . Prague: Czech Normalization Institute, 2000. (in Czech).

Keywords: EMI mains filter, insertion loss, estimation, impedance termination, unmatched impedance system

S. Rupcic, V. Mandric, D. Zagar [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Reduction of Sidelobes by Nonuniform Elements Spacing of a Spherical Antenna Array

This paper presents a significant sidelobe reduction if nonuniform elevational spacing of antenna elements on the sphere is used. Antenna elements are progressively phased with a uniform amplitude excitation. The calculation of the required element position is presented. The achieved sidelobe level reduction with unequally spaced arrays could reach even more than 20dB difference with regard to the first significant sidelobe level of equally spaced arrays. By this method, arrays have the ability to produce the desired radiation pattern and could satisfy requirements for many applications.

  1. MOLISCH, A.-F. Wireless Communication. John Wiley & Sons, LTD, IEEE Communication Society, 2005.
  2. UNZ, H. Linear arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1960, vol. AP- 8, p. 222 - 223.
  3. KING, D. D., PACKARD, R. F., THOMAS, R. K. Unequally spaced, broad-band antenna arrays. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, July 1960, vol. AP-8, p. 380 - 385.
  4. SANDLER, S. S. Some equivalence between equally and nonequally spaced arrays. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1961, vol. AP-9, p. 496-500.
  5. HARRINGTON, R.-F. Sidelobe reduction by nonuniform element spacing. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1961, p. 187 - 192.
  6. ANDREASEN, M. G. Linear arrays with variable interelement spacing. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1962, vol. AP-10, p. 137 - 143.
  7. ISHIMARU, A. Theory of unequally-spaced arrays. IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 1962, vol. AP-8, p. 691 - 702.
  8. HODJAT, F., HOVANESSIAN, A. A. Nonuniformly spaced linear and planar array antennas for sidelobe reduction. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1978, vol. AP- 26, no. 2, p. 198 - 204.
  9. JARSKE, P., SARAMAKI, T., MITRA, S. K., NEUYO, Y. On properties and design of nonuniformly spaced linear arrays. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, March 1988, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 372 - 380.
  10. POZAR, D. M., KAUFMAN, B. Design considerations for low sidelobe microstrip arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, August 1990, vol. 38, no. 8, p. 1176 – 1185.
  11. JEFFERS, J. L., BOUCHER, S. G. Optimum unequally spaced arrays and their amplitude shading. In Proceedings of Ultrasonics Symposium, November 1995, vol. 2, p. 965 - 969.
  12. KUMMAR, B. P., BRANNER, G. R. Generalized analytical technique for the synthesis of unequally spaced arrays with linear, planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, February 2005, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 621-634.
  13. SHIHAB, M., NAJJAR, Y., DIB, N., KHODIER, M. Design of non-uniform circular antenna array using Particle Swarm Optimization. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2008, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 216 – 220.
  14. ABDOLEE, R., VAKILIAN, V., RAHMAN, T. A. Elements space and amplitude perturbation using Genetic Algorithm for antenna sidelobe cancellation. Signal Processing: An International Journal (SPIJ), March/April 2008, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 10 – 16.
  15. BEVELAQUA, P. J., BALANIS, C. A. Geometry and weight optimization for minimizing sidelobes in wideband planar arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 2009, vol. 57, no. 4, p. 1285 – 1289.
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  17. LEIJON, R. Radiation from mobile phone antennas close to the human body. Technical Report No. 270L, Dept. of Microwave Technology, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg, Aug. 1997.
  18. RUPCIC, S., MANDRIC, V., RIMAC-DRLJE, S. Fabrication errors influence on the spherical array radiation pattern. Radioengineering, September 2010, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 378 – 385.
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Keywords: Radiation pattern, spherical array, sidelobe level reduction, uniform and nonuniform distribution of antenna elements

Jing-jing Yang, Ming Huang, Cheng-fu Yang, Ji-hong Shi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Arbitrary Shape Electromagnetic Transparent Device Based on Laplace’s Equation

Transparent device is deliberately-designed electromagnetic structure that is transparent to electromagnetic wave. It can be used as a radome structure which is capable of protection antenna inside without sacrificing its performance. In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) arbitrary shape electromagnetic transparent device is designed based on transformation optics. Laplace’s equation is adopted to construct the coordinate mapping between the original space and the transformed space. The design method is flexibly extended to three-dimensional (3D) case, which greatly enhances the applicability of transparent device. The protection of a horn antenna is taken as an example to show the effectiveness of the transparent device. Since the performance of the transparent device is independent on the inner antenna, it can be designed separately. Full-wave simulations are made to validate the results.

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Keywords: Transparent device; metamaterials; coordinate transformation; finite element method

He-Xiu Xu, Guang-Ming Wang, Jian-Gang Liang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Novel Designed CSRRs and Its Application in Tunable Tri-Band Bandpass Filter Based on Fractal Geometry

In this paper, we propose and research a novel miniaturized composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) cell based on revised complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) for the first time. Novel CRLH TL cell is demonstrated with lower transmission and reflection zeros from electrical and electromagnetic (EM) simulation results. Negative refractive index of CRLH effect is successfully demonstrated by the revised NRW retrieval method. Then based on this, a tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) is synthesized and fabricated by using the proposed CRLH TL cell (providing the primary GSM band) and Koch fractal-shaped microstrip line (ML) (generating the upper GPS and ISM bands). Our recent work has also found that open-circuit stub embedded in Koch-shaped ML can be optimized to adjust the ratio of the upper two bands, thus afford us additional flexibility in BPF design. Consistent result obtained from simulation and measurement is presented which have verified the design concept.

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  9. WU MING-FENG, MENG FAN-YI, KANG JIA-HUI, et al. Novel miniaturized planar left-handed metamaterial transmission line verified by the backward wave property. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, vol. 57, no. 2, p. 822-826.
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Keywords: Miniaturization, bandpass filter (BPF), composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL), complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), tri-band, fractals

R. Sotner, J. Jerabek, R. Prokop, K. Vrba [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Current Gain Controlled CCTA and its Application in Quadrature Oscillator and Direct Frequency Modulator

A modified conception of adjustable current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCTA) and its interesting application in simple quadrature oscillator expandable for direct frequency modulation purposes, employing only four grounded passive elements is presented in this paper. It is quite simple solution for modern communication subsystem components. An electronic adjusting of the oscillation frequency is easily possible and control of condition of the oscillation is realized via only one grounded resistor. The characteristic equation, condition of oscillation and major parasitic influences of real active part are discussed. The verification includes PSpice simulation and measurement with the CCTA block formed by commercially available active elements.

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Keywords: Electronic adjusting, quadrature oscillator, controllable active element, CCTA

M. Kumngern, U. Torteanchai, K. Dejhan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Voltage-Controlled Floating Resistor Using DDCC

This paper presents a new simple configuration to realize the voltage-controlled floating resistor, which is suitable for integrated circuit implementation. The proposed resistor is composed of three main components: MOS transistor operating in the non-saturation region, DDCC, and MOS voltage divider. The MOS transistor operating in the non-saturation region is used to configure a floating linear resistor. The DDCC and the MOS transistor voltage divider are used for canceling the nonlinear component term of MOS transistor in the non-saturation region to obtain a linear current/voltage relationship. The DDCC is employed to provide a simple summer of the circuit. This circuit offers an ease for realizing the voltage divider circuit and the temperature effect that includes in term of threshold voltage can be compensated. The proposed configuration employs only 16 MOS transistors. The performances of the proposed circuit are simulated with PSPICE to confirm the presented theory.

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  20. SOTNER, R., HRUBOS, Z., SLEZAK, J., DOSTAL, T. Simply adjustable sinusoidal oscillator based on negative three-port current conveyors. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, p. 446–453.
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Keywords: Floating resistor, Voltage-controlled resistor, CMOS, Differential difference current conveyor (DDCC)

V. Biolkova, J. Bajer, D. Biolek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Four-Phase Oscillators Employing Two Active Elements

Two novel four-phase voltage-output oscillators are proposed. These circuits can also be utilized as quadrature oscillators with floating outputs. Each oscillator employs two DO-CIBA (Differential Output- Current Inverter Buffered Amplifier), two grounded capacitors, and four or three resistors. Independent control of the oscillation frequency (OF) and oscillation condition is practicable in both oscillators. Real measurements on the oscillator specimens confirm the ability of easy OF control and extra low THD, which is less than 0.07%.

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  34. TANJAROEN, W., TANGSRIRAT, W. Resistorless current-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator using CDTAs. In Proc. of Asia- Pacific Signal & Information Processing Assoc. Annual Summit& Conf. APSIPA ASC 2009. Hokkaido (Japan), 2009, p. 307-310.
  35. KUMNGERN, M., KNOBNOB, B., DEJHAN, K. Singleresistance- controlled current-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator. In Proc. ECTI-CON 2009. Pattaya (Thailand), 2009, p. 534-537.
  36. LAWANWISUT, S., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M. High outputimpedance current-mode third-order quadrature oscillator based on CCCCTAs. In Proc. TENCON 2009. Singapore, 2009, p. 1-4.
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  38. HORNG, J. W., LEE, H., WU, J. Y. Electronically tunable thirdorder quadrature oscillator using CDTAs. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, no.2, p. 326-330.
  39. TANGSRIRAT, W., PRASERTOSM, D., PIYATAT, T., SURAKAMPONTORN, W. Single-resistance-controlled quadrature oscillator using current differencing buffered amplifiers. Int. J. Electronics, 2008, vol. 95-11, p. 1119-1126.
  40. LAHIRI, A. Explicit-current-output quadrature oscillator using second-generation current conveyor transconductance amplifier. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, p. 522-526.
  41. BAJER, J., BIOLEK, D. Digitally controlled quadrature oscillator employing two ZC-CG-CDBAs. In Proc. of Int. Conf. EDS-IMAPS 2009. Brno (Czech Republic), 2009, p. 298-303.
  42. BIOLEK, D., SENANI, R., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Active elements for analog signal processing: Classification, review, and new proposals. Radioengineering, 2008, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 15-32.
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Keywords: Four-phase oscillator, DO-CIBA

P. Varshney, M. Gupta, G. S. Visweswaran [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Switched Capacitor Realizations of Fractional-Order Differentiators and Integrators Based on an Operator with Improved Performance

In this paper, switched capacitor realizations of discretized models of half differentiator and half integrator based on a new operator with improved performance have been proposed. This Al-Hsue operator is the weighted sum of the Al-Alaoui operator and the Hsue operator. The discretized models of the Al-Hsue operator have been expanded using Taylor Series Expansion and Continued Fraction Expansion, to be able to develop the Switched Capacitor realizations. These Switched Capacitor realizations are implemented using Spice and the results obtained are compared with the theoretical results of the continuous- time domain half differentiators and integrators. These Spice simulation results are also compared with the results of existing Al-Alaoui operator and Hsue operator based Switched Capacitor realizations of half differentiators and integrators of order 1/2. The results validate the effectiveness of the Switched Capacitor circuit implementation of the proposed approach.

  1. PETRAS, I., PODLUBNY, I., O'LEARY, P., DORCAK L., VINAGRE, B. M. Analogue Realizations of Fractional Order Controllers. Faculty BERG, TU Kosice, p. 84, ISBN 80-7099-627- 7, 2002.
  2. PODLUBNY, I., PETRAS, I., VINAGRE, B. M., O'LEARY, P., DORCAK, L. Analogue realization of fractional-order controllers. International Journal on Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos in Engineering Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, vol. 29, no. 1-4, p. 281-296.
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  7. PETRAS, I., PODLUBNY, I., O'LEARY, P., DORCAK, L., VINAGRE, B. M. Analogue Realizations of Fractional Order Controllers. Faculty BERG, TU Kosice, p. 84, ISBN 80-7099-627- 7, 2002.
  8. VINAGRE, B. M., PETRAS, I., MERCHAN, P., DORCAK, L. Two digital realizations of fractional order controllers: Application to temperature control of solid. In Proceedings of the European Control Conference ECC'2001. Porto (Portugal), Seminario de Vilar, 2001, p.1764 - 1767.
  9. CHEN, Y. Q., VINAGRE, B. M. A new IIR-type digital fractional order differentiator. Elsevier Journal on Signal Processing: Special Issue on Fractional Signal Processing and Applications, 2003, vol. 83, no. 11, p. 2359 – 2365.
  10. CHEN, Y. Q., MOORE, K. L. Discretization schemes for fractional-order differentiators and integrators. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - 1: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 2002, vol. 49, no. 3, p. 363-367.
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  15. VARSHNEY, P., GUPTA, M., VISWESWARAN, G. S. New switched capacitor fractional order integrator. Journal of Active and Passive Electronic Devices JAPED, 2007, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 187-197.
  16. VARSHNEY, P., GUPTA, M., VISWESWARAN, G. S. Novel switched capacitor half differentiator using Schneider operator. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering ELECO 2005. Bursa (Turkey), Dec. 2005, site: http://www.emo.org.tr/etkinlikler/eleco_en/etkinlik_ bildiriler. php?etkinlikkod=54
  17. ALLEN, P. E., SINENCIO, E. S. Switched Capacitor Circuits. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.
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  19. GUPTA, M., VARSHNEY, P., VISWESWARAN, G. S., KUMAR, B. Novel digital differentiator and corresponding fractional order differentiator models. In Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing and Multimedia Applications SIGMAP 2008. Porto (Portugal), July 2008, p. 47-54.
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  21. VARSHNEY, P., GUPTA, M., VISWESWARAN, G. S. Switched capacitor realization of fractional order differentiator. In Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Integrated Circuits, Devices and Systems ISIC 2004. Suntec (Singapore), 2004, p. 215-218.
  22. VARSHNEY, P. Analysis and synthesis of switched current and switched capacitor fractional order circuits. Ph.D. Thesis, Delhi University, Delhi, 2009.
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Keywords: Half differentiator, half integrator, Al-Alaoui operator, Hsue operator, Al-Hsue operator

A. Lahiri [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Deriving (MO)(I)CCCII Based Second-order Sinusoidal Oscillators with Non-interactive Tuning Laws using State Variable Method

The paper discusses systematic realization of second-order sinusoidal oscillators using multiple-output second-generation current controlled conveyor (MO-CCCII) and/or its inverting equivalent, namely the multiple-output inverting second-generation current controlled conveyor (MO-ICCCII) by state variable method. State variable method is a powerful technique and has been used extensively in the past to realize active RC oscillators using a variety of active building blocks (ABB). In this work, a noninteractive relationship between the condition of oscillation (CO) and the frequency of oscillation (FO) has been chosen priori and then state variable method is applied to derive the oscillators with grounded capacitors. All the resulting oscillator circuits, eight of them, are “resistor-less”, employ grounded capacitors and do not use more than three (MO)(I)CCCIIs. PSPICE simulation results of a possible CMOS implementation of the oscillators using 0:35μm TSMC CMOS technology parameters have validated their workability.

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  5. MAHESHWARI, S. Electronically tunable quadrature oscillator using translinear conveyors and grounded capacitors. Active and Passive Electronic Components, 2003, vol. 26, p. 193-196.
  6. JAIKLA, W., SIRIPRUCHYANAN, M. A versatile quadrature oscillator and universal biquad filter using dual-output current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifier. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies - (ISCIT). Bangkok (Thailand), 2006, p. 1072-1075.
  7. LAHIRI, A., MISRA, A., GUPTA, K. Novel current-mode quadrature oscillators with explicit-current-outputs using CCCDTA. In Proceedings of 19th International Conference Radioelektronika 2009. Bratislava (Slovakia), 2009, p. 47-50.
  8. BIOLEK, D., SENANI, R., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Active elements for analog signal processing: Classification, review, and new proposals. Radioengineering, 2008, vol. 17, No. 4, p. 15-32.
  9. PETRZELA, J., VYSKOCIL, P., PROKOPEC, J. Fundamental oscillators based on diamond transistors. In Proceedings of 20th International Conference Radioelektronika 2010. Brno (Czech Republic), 2010.
  10. SENANI, R., GUPTA, S. S. Synthesis of single-resistance-controlled oscillators using CFOAs: simple state-variable approach. IEE Proceedings – Circuits, Devices and Systems, 1997, vol. 144, p. 104- 106.
  11. GUPTA, S. S., SENANI, R. State variable synthesis of single resistance controlled grounded capacitor oscillators using only two CFOAs. IEE Proceedings – Circuits, Devices and Systems, 1998, vol. 145, p. 135-138.
  12. SOLIMAN, A. M. Generation of current conveyor based oscillators using nodal admittance matrix expansion. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2010, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 43-59, DOI: 10.1007/s10470-009-9432-5.
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  15. LAHIRI, A. New realizations of voltage-mode quadrature oscillators using current differencing buffered amplifiers. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 2010, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 1069-1076, DOI: 10.1142/S0218126610006608.
  16. LAHIRI, A. Explicit-current-output quadrature oscillator using second-generation current conveyor transconductance amplifier. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 522-526.
  17. GUPTA, S. S., SENANI, R. New single resistance controlled oscillators employing a reduced number of unity-gain cells. IEICE Electronics Express, 2004, vol. 1, no. 16, p. 507-512.
  18. GUPTA, S. S., SHARMA, R. K., BHASKAR, D. R., SENANI, R. Sinusoidal oscillators with explicit current output employing currentfeedback op-amps. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2010, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 131-147, DOI: 10.1002/cta.531.
  19. TANGSRIRAT, W., SURAKAMPONTORN, W. Single-resistancecontrolled quadrature oscillator and universal biquad filter using CFOAs. AEU- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2009, vol. 63, no. 12, p. 1080-1086, DOI:10.1016/j.aeue.2008.08.006.
  20. SAGBAS, M., FIDANBOYLU, K. Electronically tunable currentmode second-order universal filter using minimum elements. Electronics Letters, 2004, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 2-4.
  21. CHEN, H. P., CHU, P. L. Versatile electronically tunable currentmode filter using CCCIIs. IEICE Electronics Express, 2009, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 122-128.
  22. YUCE, E. On the implementation of the floating simulators employing a single active device. AEU- Interntational Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2007, vol. 61, p. 453–458.
  23. BAJER, J., BIOLEK, D. Digitally controlled quadrature oscillator employing two ZC-CG-CDBAs. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on EDS-IMAPS. Brno (Czech Republic), 2009, p. 298-303.
  24. BAJER, J., LAHIRI, A., BIOLEK, D. Current-mode CCII+ based oscillator circuits using a conventional and modified wien-bridge with all capacitors grounded. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on EDS-IMAPS. Brno (Czech Republic), 2010, p. 5-10.

Keywords: Sinusoidal oscillators, multiple-output secondgeneration current controlled conveyor (MO-CCCII), multiple-output second-generation inverting current controlled conveyor (MO-ICCCII), state variable method

D. Prasad, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Electronically Controllable Grounded Capacitor Current-Mode Quadrature Oscillator using single MO-CCCDTA

This paper presents an electronically controllable grounded capacitor quadrature oscillator using single multiple-output current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifier (MO-CCCDTA) as an active element. The proposed circuit employs a single MOCCCDTA, two grounded capacitors and one grounded resistor and offers the advantages of (i) independent control of condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO), and (ii) low active and passive sensitivities. The workability of proposed configuration has been demonstrated by PSPICE simulation.

  1. KHAN, I. A., KHAWAJA, S. An integrable gm-C quadrature oscillator. International Journal of Electronics, 2000, vol. 87, p. 1353-1357.
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  5. UYGUR, A., KUNTMAN, H., ZEKI, A. Multi-input multi-output CDTA-based KHN filter. In Proc. of ELECO: The 4th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics. Bursa (Turkey), 2005, p. 46-50.
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  7. KESKIN, A. U., BIOLEK, D., HANCIOGLU, E., BIOLKOVA, V. Current-mode KHN filter employing current differencing transconductance amplifier. AEU –Int. Journal of Electronics and Communications, June 2006, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 443-446.
  8. TANGSRIRAT, W., SURAKAMPONTORN, W. Systematic realization of cascadable current-mode filters using current differencing transconductance amplifiers. Frequenz, 2006, vol. 60, no. 11-12, p. 241-245.
  9. TANGSRIRAT, W., DUMAWIPATA, T., SURAKAMPONTORN, W. Multiple-input single-output current-mode multifunction filter using current differencing transconductance amplifiers. AEU – International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2007, vol. 61, p. 209-214.
  10. BIOLEK, D., HANCIOGLU, E., KESKIN, A. U. Highperformance current differencing transconductance amplifier and its application in precision current-mode rectification. AEU –Int. Journal of Electronics and Communications, February 2008, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 92-96.
  11. TANJAROEN, W., TANGSRIRAT, W. Resistorless current-mode first-order allpass filter using CDTAs. In Proceedings of ECTICON 2008. Krabi (Thailand), May 2008, p. 721-724.
  12. BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Single-CDTA (current differencing transconductance amplifier) current-mode biquad revisited. WSEAS Transactions on Electronics, 2008, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 250-256.
  13. PRASAD, D., BHASKAR, D. R., SINGH, A. K. Universal current-mode biquad filter using dual output current differencing transconductance amplifier. AEU –Int. Journal of Electronics and Communications, February 2009, vol. 63, p. 497-501.
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  16. SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M., JAIKLA, W. Realization of current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifier (CCCDTA) and its applications. ECTI Transactions on Electrical, Electronics and Communications, 2007, vol. 5, p. 41-50.
  17. JAIKLA, W., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M. CCCDTAs-based versatile quadrature oscillator and universal biquad filter. In Proceedings of ECTI2007 Conference. Chieng Rai (Thailand), 2007, p. 1065-1068.
  18. JAIKLA, W., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M. A versatile quadrature oscillator and universal biquad filter using dual-output current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifier. In Proceedings of ISCIT2006. Bangkok (Thailand), 2006, p. 1072- 1075.
  19. TANGSRIRAT, W., TANJAROEN, W. Current-mode multiphase sinusoidal oscillator using current differencing transconductance amplifiers. Circuits Syst Signal Process, 2008, vol. 27, p. 81-93.
  20. PRASAD, D., BHASKAR, D. R., SINGH, A. K. Realization of single-resistance-controlled sinusoidal oscillator: A new application of the CDTA. WSEAS Trans. on Electronics, June 2008, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 257-259.
  21. JAIKLA, W., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M., BAJER, J., BIOLEK, D. A simple current-mode quadrature oscillator using single CDTA. Radioengineering, 2008, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 33–40.
  22. LAHIRI, A., Novel voltage/current-mode quadrature oscillator using current differencing transconductance amplifier. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2009, vol. 61, p. 199- 203.
  23. DUANGMALAI, D., MANGKALAKEEREE, S., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M. High output-impedance current-mode quadrature oscillator using single MO-CCCDTA. In The Seventh PSU Engineering Conference, 2009, p. 287-290.
  24. LAHIRI, A. Novel current-mode quadrature oscillators with explicit-current-outputs using CCCDTA. In Proceedings of the 19th Radioelektronika Conf. Bratislava (Slovakia), 2009, p. 47-50.
  25. LAHIRI, A. Explicit-current-output quadrature oscillator using second-generation current conveyor transconductance amplifier. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 522-526.
  26. HERENCSAR, N., VRBA K., KOTON, J., LAHIRI, A. Realisations of single-resistance-controlled quadrature oscillators using a generalized current follower transconductance amplifier and a unity-gain voltage-follower. Int. J. Electron., 2010, vol. 97, no. 8, p. 897-906.

Keywords: MO-CCCDTA, quadrature oscillator, current-mode circuits.

C. Wang, G. Peng, M. Ma, Z. Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A New Low-Power CMOS Quadrature VCO with Current Reused Structure

A new quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO) circuit topology is proposed for low-voltage and low-power applications. In the proposed circuit, two oscillators with current-reused structure are coupled to each other by two P&N-MOS pairs. In this way, low phase noise quadrature signals are generated with low-voltage and low-power. The simulation is made by Cadence in chartered 0.18 μm CMOS process. The simulation result shows that the QVCO phase noise is approximately - 117.1 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from 1.8 GHz operation frequency. The QVCO dissipates 1.92 mW with a 1.1 V supply voltage.

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Keywords: Coupling, P&N-MOS pair, VCO, Low-power, Lowvoltage, Phase noise, Oscillator, Quadrature