D. Biolek, M. Di Ventra, Y. V. Pershin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Reliable SPICE Simulations of Memristors, Memcapacitors and Meminductors

Memory circuit elements, namely memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive systems, are gaining considerable attention due to their ubiquity and use in diverse areas of science and technology. Their modeling within the most widely used environment, SPICE, is thus critical to make substantial progress in the design and analysis of complex circuits. Here, we present a collection of models of different memory circuit elements and provide a methodology for their accurate and reliable modeling in the SPICE environment. We also provide codes of these models written in the most popular SPICE versions (PSpice, LTspice, HSPICE) for the benefit of the reader. We expect this to be of great value to the growing community of scientists interested in the wide range of applications of memory circuit elements.

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21. PERSHIN, Y. V., DI VENTRA, M. Spice model of memristive devices with threshold. Radioengineering, 2013, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 485 - 489.
22. KVATINSKY, S., FRIEDMAN, E. G., KOLODNY, A., WEISER, U. C. TEAM: ThrEshold adaptive memristor model. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, 2013, vol. 60, no. 1, p. 211 - 221.
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35. DI VENTRA, M., PERSHIN, Y. V. On the physical properties of memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems. Nanotechnology, 2013, vol. 24, p. 255201.
36. PICKETT, M. D., STRUKOV, D. B., BORGHETTI, J. L., YANG, J. J., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, vol. 106, no. 7, p. 074508.
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Keywords: Memristors, memcapacitors, meminductors, analog circuits, SPICE modeling

J. Yu, X. Mu, X. Xi, S. Wang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Memristor Model with Piecewise Window Function

In this paper, we present a memristor model with piecewise window function, which is continuously differentiable and consists of three nonlinear pieces. By introducing two parameters, the shape of this window function can be flexibly adjusted to model different types of memristors. Using this model, one can easily obtain an expression of memristance depending on charge, from which the numerical value of memristance can be readily calculated for any given charge, and eliminate the error occurring in the simulation of some existing window function models.

1. CHUA, L. O. Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 507 - 519.
2. CHUA, L. O., KANG, S. M. Memristive devices and systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976, vol. 64, no. 2, p. 209 - 223.
3. DI VENTRA, M., PERSHIN, Y. V., CHUA, L. O. Circuit elements with memory: memristors, memcapacitors, and meminductors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2009, vol. 97, no. 10, p. 1717 - 1724.
4. STRUKOV, D. B., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol. 453, no. 7191, p. 80 - 83.
5. ITOH, M., CHUA, L. O. Memristor oscillators. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2008, vol. 18, no. 11, p. 3183 - 3206.
6. CORINTO, F., ASCOLI, A., GILLI, M. Nonlinear dynamics of memristor oscillators. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2011, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 1323 - 1336.
7. BORGHETTI, J., SNIDER, G. S., KUEKES, P. J., YANG, J. J., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. Memristive switches enable stateful logic operations via material implication. Nature, 2010, vol. 464, no. 7290, p. 873 - 876.
8. KAVEHEI, O., IQBAL, A., KIM, Y. S., ESHRAGHIAN, K., ALSARAWI, S. F., ABBOTT, D. The fourth element: characteristics, modelling and electromagnetic theory of the memristor. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science, 2010, vol. 466, no. 2120, p. 2175 - 2202.
9. JOGLEKAR, Y. N., WOLF, S. J. The elusive memristor: properties of basic electrical circuits. European Journal of Physics, 2009, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 661 - 675.
10. BIOLEK, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA´ , V. SPICE model of memristor with nonlinear dopant drift. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 210 - 214.
11. PRODROMAKIS, T., PEH, B. P., PAPAVASSILIOU, C., TOUMAZOU, C. A versatile memristor model with nonlinear dopant kinetics. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2011, vol. 58, no. 9, p. 3099 - 3105.
12. CORINTO, F., ASCOLI, A. A boundary condition-based approach to the modeling of memristor nanostructures. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2012, vol. 59, issue. 11, p. 2713 - 2726.
13. PICKETT, M. D., STRUKOV, D. B., BORGHETTI, J. L., YANG, J. J., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, vol. 106, no. 7, p. 1 - 6.
14. KVATINSKY, S., FRIEDMAN, E. G., KOLODNY, A., WEISER, U. C. TEAM: threshold adaptive memristor model. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2013, vol. 60, no. 1, p. 211 - 221.
15. ASCOLI, A., CORINTO, F., SENGER, V., TETZLAFF, R. Memristor model comparison. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 2013, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 89 - 105.
16. CHUA, L. O. The fourth element. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012, vol. 100, no. 6, p. 1920 - 1927.

Keywords: memristor, window function, mathematical model

Xuelian Liu, Aamir Zia [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Three-Dimensional DRAM Using Floating Body Capacitance Cells in an FD-SOI Process

This paper describes a three- dimensional DRAM in which the floating body capacitance (FBC) of a fully depleted SOI (FD-SOI) device is used as a storage node. This 1T DRAM lends itself particularly well to a 3D wafer-to-wafer bonding process because of the absence of deep etched and filled trench capacitor structure, and the improved thickness control tolerance in wafer thinning. A novel three-tier, 3D, 1T embedded DRAM is presented that can be vertically integrated with a microprocessor, achieving low cost, high-density on-chip main memory. A 394Kbits test chip has been designed and fabricated using the Lincoln Labs 3-Tier 3D 0.18um fully depleted SOI CMOS process where an earlier (and previously reported) successful 3D SRAM was obtained. The measured retention time under holding conditions in this 180 nm process is greater than 10 ms. The test chip measures an access time of 50 ns and operates at 10 MHz.

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Keywords: Capacitor-less 1T DRAM, embedded DRAM, FD-SOI, floating body cell, memory stack, 3-D integration

B. Metin, N. Herencsar, O. Cicekoglu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Low-Voltage Electronically Tunable MOSFET-C Voltage-Mode First-Order All-Pass Filter Design

This paper presents a simple electronically tunable voltage-mode first-order all-pass filter realization with MOSFET-C technique. In comparison to the classical MOSFET-C filter circuits that employ active elements including large number of transistors the proposed circuit is only composed of a single two n-channel MOSFET-based inverting voltage buffer, three passive components, and one NMOS-based voltage-controlled resistor, which is with advantage used to electronically control the pole frequency of the filter in range 103 kHz to 18.3 MHz. The proposed filter is also very suitable for low-voltage operation, since between its supply rails it uses only two MOSFETs. In the paper the effect of load is investigated. In addition, in order to suppress the effect of non-zero output resistance of the inverting voltage buffer, two compensation techniques are also introduced. The theoretical results are verified by SPICE simulations using PTM 90 nm level-7 CMOS process BSIM3v3 parameters, where +/- 0.45 V supply voltages are used. Moreover, the behavior of the proposed filter was also experimentally measured using readily available array transistors CD4007UB by Texas Instruments.

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Keywords: Analog signal processing, all-pass filter, output resistance compensation techniques, first-order filter, inverting voltage buffer, loading effect, MOSFET-C filter, MOS resistive cell, tunable filter, voltage-mode.

D. Singh, N. Afzal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Digitally Programmable High-Q Voltage Mode Universal Filter

A new low-voltage low-power CMOS current feedback amplifier (CFA) is presented in this paper. This is used to realize a novel digitally programmable CFA (DPCFA) using transistor arrays and MOS switches. The proposed realizations nearly allow rail-to-rail swing capability at all the ports. Class-AB output stage ensures low power dissipation and high current drive capability. The proposed CFA/ DPCFA operates at supply voltage of ±0.75 V and exhibits bandwidth better than 95 MHz. An application of the DPCFA to realize a novel voltage mode high-Q digitally programmable universal filter (UF) is given. Performances of all the proposed circuits are verified by PSPICE simulation using TSMC 0.25μm technology parameters.

1. SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M., CHANAPROMMA, C., SILAPAN, P., JAIKLA, W. BiCMOS current-controlled current feedback amplifier (CC-CFA) and its applications. WSEAS Transaction on Electronics, Special Issue: Modern Circuit Components for Analogue Signal, 2008, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 203-219.
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4. MAHMOUD, S. A., HASHIESH, M. A., SOLIMAN, A. M. Lowvoltage digitally controlled fully differential current conveyor. IEEE Transaction on Circuit and System-I, 2005, vol. 52, no. 10, p. 2055-2064. doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2005.852922
5. TSOU, S. C., LI, C. F., HUANG, P. C. A low-power CMOS linear-in-decibel variable gain amplifier with programmable bandwidth and stable group delay. IEEE Transaction on Circuit and System —II: Express Briefs, 2006, vol. 53, no. 12, p. 1436- 1440. doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2006.885399
6. ALZAHER, H. A. A CMOS digitally programmable universal current- mode filter. IEEE Transaction on Circuit and System —II: Express Briefs, 2008, vol. 55, no. 8, p. 758-762. doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2008.921599
7. HASSAN, T. M., MAHMOUD, S. A. Fully programmable universal filter with independent gain-ω0-Q control based on new digitally programmable CMOS CCII. Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, 2009, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 875–897. doi: 10.1142/S0218126609005411
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17. MAHMOUD, S. A., MADIAN, A. H., SOLIMAN, A. M. Lowvoltage CMOS current feedback operational amplifier and its application. ETRI Journal, 2007, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 212-218. doi: 10.4218/etrij.07.0106.0182
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19. SENANI, R., BHASKAR, D. R., SINGH, A. K., SINGH, V. K. Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications. Series: Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, Springer, 2013.
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Keywords: Digitally programmable, universal filter, voltage mode, CFA, Q-factor

W. Tangsrirat [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
On the Realization of First-Order Current-Mode AP/HP Filter

A compact circuit topology for the realization of the current-mode first-order allpass (AP) and highpass (HP) filters is described. The proposed circuit contains a minimum number of components, i.e., eight bipolar transistors and one grounded capacitor. The advantages of this circuit are the use of only grounded capacitor as a passive element, the electronic tunability of its parameters and its potential for low-voltage operation. Some simulation results are also reported, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed circuit. Owing to the pole frequency of the filter circuit is normally dependent on temperature; a low-voltage translinear–based current source circuit for temperature compensation is also suggested.

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Keywords: First-order filter, allpass (AP), highpass (HP), current-mode, integrated circuit

A. Yesil, F. Kacar [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Electronically Tunable Resistorless Mixed Mode Biquad Filters

This paper presents a new realization of elec¬tronically tunable mixed mode (including transadmittance- and voltage-modes) biquad filter with single input, three outputs or three inputs, single output using voltage differ-encing transconductance amplifier (VDTA), a recently introduced active element. It can simultaneously realize standard filtering signals: low-pass, band-pass and high-pass or by selecting input terminals, it can realize all five different filtering signals: low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop and all-pass. The proposed filter circuit offers the following attractive feature: no requirement of invert-ing type input signal which is require no addition circuit, critical component matching conditions are not required in the design, the circuit parameters ω0 and Q can be set orthogonally or independently through adjusting the bias currents of the VDTAs, the proposed circuit employs two active and minimum numbers of passive components. Fur-thermore, this filter was investigated from the point of view of limited frequency range, stability conditions, effects of parasitic elements and effects of non-ideal and sensitivity. Thus, taking these effects and conditions into considera¬tion, working conditions and boundaries of this filter are determined. We also performed Monte Carlo, THD and noise analyses. Simulation results are given to confirm theoretical analyses.

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8. TEMIZYUREK, C., MYDERRIZI, I. A novel three-input oneoutput voltage-mode universal filter using differential difference current conveyor (DDCC). In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON 2004). 2004, vol. 1, p. 103–106.
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11. BIOLEK, D., SENANI, R., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Active elements for analog signal processing: Classification, review, and new proposals. Radioengineering, 2008, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 15-32.
12. YEŞIL, A., KAÇAR, F., KUNTMAN, H. New simple CMOS realization of voltage differencing transconductance amplifier and its RF filter application. Radioengineering, 2011, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 632-637.
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Keywords: Mixed mode filter, electronically tunable filter, biquad filter.

Y. S. Hwang, Y. T. Ku, J. J. Chen, C. C. Yu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Inverter-Based Low-Voltage CCII- Design and Its Filter Application

This paper presents a negative type second-generation current conveyor (CCII-). It is based on an inverter-based low-voltage error amplifier, and a negative current mirror. The CCII- could be operated in a very low supply voltage such as ±0.5V. The proposed CCII- has wide input voltage range (±0.24V), wide output voltage (±0.24V) and wide output current range (±24mA). The proposed CCII- has no on-chip capacitors, so it can be designed with standard CMOS digital processes. Moreover, the architecture of the proposed circuit without cascoded MOSFET transistors is easily designed and suitable for low-voltage operation. The proposed CCII- has been fabricated in TSMC 0.18μm CMOS processes and it occupies 1189.91 x 1178.43μm2 (include PADs). It can also be validated by low voltage CCII filters.

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Keywords: Negative type second generation current conveyor, inverter-based low-voltage error amplifier, negative current mirror

Z. J. Xu, K. Wang, L. M. Meng [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Channel Parameters Estimation Algorithm Based on The Characteristic Function under Impulse Noise Environment

Under communication environments, such as wireless sensor networks, the noise observed usually exhibits impulsive as well as Gaussian characteristics. In the initialization of channel iterative decoder, such as low density parity check codes, it is required in advance to estimate the channel parameters to obtain the prior information from the received signals. In this paper, a blind channel parameters estimator under impulsive noise environment is proposed, which is based on the empirical characteristic function in MPSK/MQAM higher-order modulation system. Simulation results show that for various MPSK/MQAM modulations, the estimator can obtain a more accurate unbiased estimation even though we do not know which kind of higher-order modulation is used.

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Keywords: Parameter estimation, impulsive noise, symmetric alpha stable distribution, characteristic function

Chao-Zhu Zhang, Jing Zhang, Cheng-Yuan Liu, Lin Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Polarization Decomposition Algorithm for Detection Efficiency Enhancement

In the paper, a new polarization decomposition of the optimal detection algorithm in the partially homogeneous environment is presented. Firstly, the detectors Matched Subspace Detector (MSD) and Adaptive Subspace Detector (ASD) are adopted to deal with detection problems in the partially homogeneous environment. Secondly, the fitness function with polarization parameters is equivalently decomposed to enhance time detection efficiency in the algorithm. It makes the multiplication number of the fitness function from square to a linear increase along with the increase in parameters. Simulation results indicate that the proposed decomposition is much more efficient than direct use of the fitness function.

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Keywords: Adaptive subspace detector (ASD); matched subspace detector (MSD); optimal detection algorithm; polarization decomposition, fitness function

P. Dostal, L. Krasula, M. Klima [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Influence of High Level Features of HVS on Performance of FSIM

In this paper the influence of information about high level features of Human Visual System (HVS) on objective quality assessment is studied. This was done by extending the existing full-reference objective image quality metric – FSIM – where the different importance of certain areas of image is considered using Phase Congruency (PC) algorithm. Here, the estimation of Region of Interest (ROI) based on this algorithm is complemented by Fixation Density Maps (FDM) containing the information about high level features of HVS. Use of another low level features based algorithm (Phase Spectrum of Fourier Transform) was also considered and compared to the PC algorithm. The performance was evaluated qualitatively on images reconstructed according to ROI and quantitatively on images from LIVE database. The correlation between subjective and objective tests was calculated using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and Spearman’s Rank Order Coefficient. The statistical significance of the difference between correlation coefficients was assessed by Fisher r-to-z transformation. The performance of the metric was also compared to other state-of-the-art image quality metrics (SSIM, MS-SSIM, and FSIM).

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Keywords: Human visual system, image quality assessment, high level features, FSIM

M. Cedillo-Hernandez, F. Garcia-Ugalde, M. Nakano-Miyatake, H. Perez-Meana [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Robust Object-Based Watermarking Using SURF Feature Matching and DFT Domain

In this paper we propose a robust object-based watermarking method, in which the watermark is embedded into the middle frequencies band of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) magnitude of the selected object region, altogether with the Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF) algorithm to allow the correct watermark detection, even if the watermarked image has been distorted. To recognize the selected object region after geometric distortions, during the embedding process the SURF features are estimated and stored in advance to be used during the detection process. In the detection stage, the SURF features of the distorted image are estimated and match them with the stored ones. From the matching result, SURF features are used to compute the Affine-transformation parameters and the object region is recovered. The quality of the watermarked image is measured using the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and the Visual Information Fidelity (VIF). The experimental results show the proposed method provides robustness against several geometric distortions, signal processing operations and combined distortions. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves also show the desirable detection performance of the proposed method. The comparison with a previously reported methods based on different techniques is also provided.

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Keywords: Digital image watermarking, authentication, object matching, geometric attack, speeded up robust features.

Y.L. Liu, Y. Xiao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Robust Image Hashing Algorithm Resistant Against Geometrical Attacks

This paper proposes a robust image hashing method which is robust against common image processing attacks and geometric distortion attacks. In order to resist against geometric attacks, the log-polar mapping (LPM) and contourlet transform are employed to obtain the low frequency sub-band image. Then the sub-band image is divided into some non-overlapping blocks, and low and middle frequency coefficients are selected from each block after discrete cosine transform. The singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied in each block to obtain the first digit of the maximum singular value. Finally, the features are scrambled and quantized as the safe hash bits. Experimental results show that the algorithm is not only resistant against common image processing attacks and geometric distortion attacks, but also discriminative to content changes.

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Keywords: Image hashing, LPM, contourlet transform, SVD

A.Y. Abdulrahman, T. A. Rahman, M. R. Islam, B. J. Olufeagba, A. Yussuff, N. H. Haji Khamis [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Improved Slant Path Attenuation Prediction Method in Tropical Climates

An improved method for predicting slant path attenuation in tropical climates is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is based on rain intensity data R_0.01 (mm/h) from 37 tropical and equatorial stations; and is validated by using the measurement data from a few localities in tropical climates. The new method seems to accurately predict the slant path attenuation in tropical localities, and the comparative tests seem to show significant improvement in terms of the RMS of the relative error variable compared to the RMS obtained with the SAM, Crane, and ITU-R prediction models.

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Keywords: Convective rain; Crane model; link budgeting; rain height; SAM; ITU-R model; tropical and equatorial climates

U. Javed, M. M. Riaz, A. Ghafoor, T. A. Cheema [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Local Features and Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic based Medical Image Segmentation

This paper presents an improved region scalable fitting model that uses fuzzy weighted local features and active contour model for medical image segmentation. Local variance is used with local entropy to extract the regional information from the image which is then processed with the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system to compute weights. The use of regional descriptors enables this model to segment the inhomogeneous intensity images. The proposed objective function is minimized by using level set function. Performance evaluation of the proposed and existing model is achieved with the help of a Probability Rand Index, Global Consistency Error, the number of iterations and computation time taken. Extensive experiments on a series of real X-ray and MRI medical images shows the proposed technique offers better segmentation accuracy in lesser number of iterations and computation time.

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Keywords: Image segmentation, fuzzy logic, active contours

B. Yang, X. Sun, X. Chen, J. Zhang, X. Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Efficient Forensic Method for Copy–move Forgery Detection based on DWT-FWHT

As the increased availability of sophisticated image processing software and the widespread use of Internet, digital images are easy to acquire and manipulate. The authenticity of the received images is becoming more and more important. Copy-move forgery is one of the most common forgery methods. When creating a Copy-move forgery, it is often necessary to add or remove important features from an image. To carry out such forensic analysis, various technological instruments have been developed in the literatures. However, most of them are time-consuming. In this paper, a more efficient method is proposed. First, the image size is reduced by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Second, the image is divided into overlapping blocks of equal size and, feature of each block is extracted by fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT). Duplicated regions are then detected by lexicographically sorting all features of the image blocks. To make the range matching more efficient, multi-hop jump (MHJ) algorithm is using to jump over some the “unnecessary testing blocks” (UTB). Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method not only is able to detect the copy-move forgery accurately but also can reduce the processing time greatly compared with other methods.

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Keywords: Image forensics, copy–move forgery, duplicated region detection, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT)

N. Forouzan, S. A. Ghorashi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Resource Allocation for Downlink Multi-Cell OFDMA Cognitive Radio Network Using Hungarian Method

This paper considers the problem of resource allocation for downlink part of an OFDM-based multi-cell cognitive radio network which consists of multiple secondary transmitters and receivers communicating simultaneously in the presence of multiple primary users. We present a new framework to maximize the total data throughput of secondary users by means of subchannel assignment, while ensuring interference leakage to PUs is below a threshold. In this framework, we first formulate the resource allocation problem as a nonlinear and non-convex optimization problem. Then we represent the problem as a maximum weighted matching in a bipartite graph and propose an iterative algorithm based on Hungarian method to solve it. The present contribution develops an efficient subchannel allocation algorithm that assigns subchannels to the secondary users without the perfect knowledge of fading channel gain between cognitive radio transmitter and primary receivers. The performance of the proposed subcarrier allocation algorithm is compared with a blind subchannel allocation as well as another scheme with the perfect knowledge of channel-state information. Simulation results reveal that a significant performance advantage can still be realized, even if the optimization at the secondary network is based on imperfect network information.

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Keywords: Cognitive radio, OFDMA, radio resource allocation, bipartite graph, Hungarian method

H.S.Zhao, J.Z.Zhang, W.H.Zhuang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Joint Link and Channel Assignment Routing Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology that enables opportunistic utilization of the temporarily vacant spectrum to mitigate the spectrum scarcity in wireless communications. Since secondary users (SUs) should vacate the channel in use immediately after detecting the reappearances of primary users (PUs) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), the route reliability is a distinctive challenge for routing in CRNs. Furthermore, the throughput requirement of an SU session should be satisfied and it is always preferable to select a route with less negative influence on other current or latish sessions. To account for the route reliability challenge, we study the joint link and channel assignment routing problem for CRNs. It is formulated in a form of integer nonlinear programming (INLP), which is NP-hard, with the objective of minimizing the interference of a new route to other routes while providing route reliability and throughput guarantee. An on-demand route discovery algorithm is proposed to find reliable candidate paths, while a joint link and channel assignment routing algorithm with sequentially-connected-link coordination is proposed to choose the near-optimal route for improving the route reliability and minimizing negative influence. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves considerable improvement over existing schemes in both route reliability and throughput.

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Keywords: Cognitive radio networks, joint link and channel assignment routing, route reliability, interference-impact ratio, integer nonlinear programming

S. Montejo, R. D. Souza, E. M. G. Fernandez, V. Alfonso, W. Godoy [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Effect of Location Accuracy and Shadowing on the Probability of Non-Interfering Concurrent Transmissions in Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive radio ad hoc systems can coexist with a primary network in a scanning-free region, which can be dimensioned by location awareness. This coexistence of networks improves system throughput and increases the efficiency of radio spectrum utilization. However, the location accuracy of real positioning systems affects the right dimensioning of the concurrent transmission region. Moreover, an ad hoc connection may not be able to coexist with the primary link due to the shadowing effect. In this paper we investigate the impact of location accuracy on the concurrent transmission probability and analyze the reliability of concurrent transmissions when shadowing is taken into account. A new analytical model is proposed, which allows to estimate the resulting secure region when the localization uncertainty range is known. Computer simulations show the dependency between the location accuracy and the performance of the proposed topology, as well as the reliability of the resulting secure region.

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Keywords: Cognitive radio, concurrent transmissions, location accuracy, location awareness

Z. Zhang, Q. Wu, J. Wang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Optimal Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Inspired by the green communication trend of next-generation wireless networks, we select energy-efficient throughput as optimization metric for jointly optimizing sensing time and working sensors in cooperative cognitive radio networks. Specifically, an iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal values for these two parameters. Specifically, the proposed iterative algorithm is low complexity when compares to the exhaustive search method, and very easy to be implemented. Finally, simulation results reveal that the proposed optimization improves the energy-efficient throughput significantly when the sensing time and working sensors are jointly optimized.

1. WU, Q., ZHANG, Z., WANG, J. Outage analysis of cognitive relay networks with relay selection under imperfect CSI environment. IEEE Communications Letters, 2013, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 1297 - 1300.
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Keywords: Energy-efficiency (EE), cognitive radio networks, cooperative spectrum sensing.

Y. Kalkan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Cramer-Rao Bound for Target Localization for Widely Separated MIMO Radar

In this paper, we derive the Cramer-Rao Bounds (CRBs) for the 2-dimensional (2D) target localization and velocity estimations for widely separated Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar. The transmitters emit signals with different frequencies and the receivers receive these signals with amplitude fluctuations and with Doppler shifts due to the target motion. The received signal model is constructed using the Swerling target fluctuations to take into account the undesired effects of target amplitude and phase fluctuations. Moreover, the time delays and the Doppler frequencies are included in the signal model to get a more realistic model. Then, the Cramer-Rao Bounds are derived for the proposed signal model for the target position and velocity estimations. Contrary to known models of CRBs, we derived the CRBs jointly and using the Swerling target fluctuations.

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Keywords: CRB, MIMO radar, target localization, velocity estimation, Swerling target fluctuations, Doppler frequency

M. Botta, M. Simek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Adaptive Distance Estimation Based on RSSI in 802.15.4 Network

This paper deals with the distance estimation issue in 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks. On a basis of signal strength of received frames a distance between two sensor nodes using the log-normal shadowing radio propagation model (LNSM) is estimated. Basic problems of signal strength based systems are variation of RSSI parameter and correct calibration of coefficients for the LNSM model. For distance estimation in wireless networks, static and dynamic methods of calibration were already introduced. Static calibration has significant drawback in adaptation to the dynamical environment changes. Proposed work deals with an experimental validation of dynamic calibration method for distance estimation in wireless sensor networks. This method for dynamic estimation of radio environment parameters results in the significant improvements in the distance estimation accuracy in comparison with the known static methods.

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Keywords: WSN, IEEE 802.15.4, RSSI, variance, dynamical calibration, LNSM, TinyOS, node localization, positioning

X.-S. Yang, Z.-M. Tian, J.-J. Yuan, Y.-T. Zhang, W. Shao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Numerical Study on Indoor Wideband Channel Characteristics with Different Internal Wall

Effects of material and configuration of the internal wall on the performance of wideband channel are investigated by using the Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The indoor wideband channel characteristics, such as the path-loss, Root-Mean-Square (RMS) delay spread and number of the multipath components (MPCs), are presented. The simulated results demonstrate that the path-loss and MPCs are affected by the permittivity, dielectric loss tangent and thickness of the internal wall, while the RMS delay spread is almost not relevant with the dielectric permittivity. Furthermore, the comparison of simulated result with the measured one in a simple scenario has validated the simulation study.

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3. ANNONI, L. A., MINUTOLO, R., MONTANARI, M., SABATINI, T. The Ultra-Wide Bandwidth indoor channel: Measurement campaign and modeling. In 2010 Int. Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks, Sept. 2010, p. 195-199.
4. ZHANG, J. H., GAO, X. Y., ZHANG, P., YIN, X. F. Propagation characteristics of wideband MIMO channel in hotspot areas at 5.25 GHz. In IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Sept. 2007, p. 1-5.
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6. WANG, S. H., CHEN, X. H., PARINI, C. Ray-tracing based channel model for 5GHz WLAN. In 2009 IEEE Int. Symp. on Antennas and Propagation Society, June 2009, p. 1-4.
7. ZHANG, J. T., HUANG, Y. Indoor channel characteristics comparisons for the same building with different dielectric parameters. In 2002 IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, Aug. 2002, p. 916-920.
8. XIAO, S. Q., CHEN, J., WANG, B.-Z., LIU, X. A numerical study on time-reversal electromagnetic wave for indoor ultra-wideband signal transmission. In Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER-77, 2007, p. 329-342.
9. ZHAO, Y., HAO, Y., PARINI, C. Two novel FDTD based UWB indoor propagation models. In 2005 IEEE Int. Conf. on Ultra- Wideband, Sept. 2005, pp. 124-129.
10. RAMIREZ, L. A. R., CARVALHO, A. D., TRINTINALIA, L. C., HASSELMANN, F. J. V., MELLO, L. A. R. S. Indoor channel characterization FDTD simulations and measurement. In 2010 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 12-16 April, 2010. p. 1-3.
11. LEUNG, J., SARRIS, C. D. On waveguide models of indoor wireless channels insights from FDTD simulations. 2008. IEEE on Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2008. AP-S, 5-11 July, 2008 pp. 1-4.
12. WANG, Y., ZHANG, N. T. A New multi-template CLEAN algorithm for UWB channel impulse response characterization. In 2006 Int. Conf. on Communication Technology, Nov. 2006.

Keywords: Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD), indoor wideband channel, internal wall, simulation.

C. Stefanovic, B. Jaksic, P. Spalevic, S. Panic, Z. Trajcevski [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Performance Analysis of Selection Combining Over Correlated Nakagami-m Fading Channels with Constant Correlation Model for Desired Signal and Cochannel Interference

A very efficient technique that reduces fading and channel interference influence is selection diversity based on the signal to interference ratio (SIR). In this pa¬per, system performances of selection combiner (SC) over correlated Nakagami-m channels with constant correlation model are analyzed. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the output SIR probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) which is main contribution of this paper. Outage probability and the average error probability for coherent, noncoherent modulation are derived. Numerical results presented in this paper point out the effects of fading severity and cor¬relation on the system performances. The main contribu¬tion of this analysis for multibranch signal combiner is that it has been done for general case of correlated co-channel interference (CCI).

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26. STANKOVIC, A., STEFANOVIC, C., SEKULOVIC, N., POPOVIC, Z., STEFANOVIC, M. The distribution of minimum of ratios of two random variables and its application in analysis of multi-hop systems. Radioengineering, 2012, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 1156–1162.
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Keywords: Correlated co-channel interference, Nakagami-m constant correlation fading, selection combining(SC), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)

N. Kojic, I. Reljin, B. Reljin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Route Selection Problem Based on Hopfield Neural Network

Transport network is a key factor of economic, social and every other form of development in the region and the state itself. One of the main conditions for transport network development is the construction of new routes. Often, the construction of regional roads is dominant, since the design and construction in urban areas is quite limited. The process of analysis and planning the new roads is a complex process that depends on many factors (the physical characteristics of the terrain, the economic situation, political decisions, environmental impact, etc.) and can take several months. These factors directly or indirectly affect the final solution, and in combination with project limitations and requirements, sometimes can be mutually opposed. In this paper, we present one software solution that aims to find Pareto optimal path for preliminary design of the new roadway. The proposed algorithm is based on many different factors (physical and social) with the ability of their increase. This solution is implemented using Hopfield's neural network, as a kind of artificial intelligence, which has shown very good results for solving complex optimization problems.

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Keywords: Transport network planning, route selection problem, neural network, artificial intelligence.

P.C. Xu, Y.H. Shen, H. Li, J.G. Wang, K. Wu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Independent Component Analysis of Complex Valued Signals Based on First-order Statistics

This paper proposes a novel method based on first-order statistics, aims to solve the problem of the independent component extraction of complex valued signals in instantaneous linear mixtures. Single-step and iterative algorithms are proposed and discussed under the engineering practice. Theoretical performance analysis about asymptotic interference-to-signal ratio (ISR) and probability of correct support estimation (PCE) are accomplished. Simulation examples validate the theoretic analysis, and demonstrate that the single-step algorithm is extremely effective. Moreover, the iterative algorithm is more efficient than complex FastICA under certain circumstances.

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Keywords: Independent component analysis, complex valued signals, first-order statistics.

Y. Hu, M. Z. Song, B. Meng, X. Y. Dang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Efficient Method for GPS Multipath Mitigation Using the Teager-Kaiser-Operator-based MEDLL

An efficient method for GPS multipath mitigation is proposed. The motivation for this proposed method is to integrate the Teager-Kaiser Operator (TKO) with the Multipath Estimating Delay Lock Loop (MEDLL) module to mitigate the GPS multipath efficiently. The general implementation process of the proposed method is that we first utilize the TKO to operate on the received signal’s Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) to get an initial estimate of the multipaths. Then we transfer the initial estimated results to the MEDLL module for a further estimation. Finally, with a few iterations which are less than those of the original MEDLL algorithm, we can get a more accurate estimate of the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) signal, and thus the goal of the GPS multipath mitigation is achieved. The simulation results show that compared to the original MEDLL algorithm, the proposed method can reduce the computation load and the hardware and/or software consumption of the MEDLL module, meanwhile, without decreasing the algorithm accuracy.

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4. DANESHMAND, S., BROUMANDAN, A., NIELSEN, J, LACHAPELLE, G. Interference and multipath mitigation utilising a two-stage beamformer for global navigation satellite systems applications. IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 2013, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 55 - 66.
5. BHUIYAN, M. Z. H., LOHAN, E. S. Advanced multipath mitigation techniques for satellite-based positioning applications. International Journal of Navigation and Observation, 2010, article ID 412393, p. 1 - 15.
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7. BHUIYAN, M. Z. H., LOHAN, E. S., RENFORS, M. Code tracking algorithms for mitigating multipath effects in fading channels for satellite-based positioning. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008, article ID 863629, p. 1 -17.
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14. SAHMOUDI, M., AMIN, M. G. Fast iterative maximumlikelihood algorithm (FIMLA) for multipath mitigation in next generation of GNSS receivers. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2008, vol. 7, no. 11, p. 4362 - 4374.
15. HAMILA, R., RENFORS, M. Nonlinear operator for multipath channel estimation in GPS receivers. In The 7th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2000. Jounieh (Lebanon), 2000, p. 352-356.
16. SHAMSI, K. R., YANG, D., SIDDIQUI, A. A. Experimental evaluation of Teager-Kaiser discriminator under multipath environment for GPS signal. In The 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2011. Beijing (China), 2011, p. 991 - 995.
17. ZHONG, P., DING, X. L., ZHENG, D. W., CHEN, W., HUANG, D. F. Adaptive wavelet transform based on cross-validation method and its application to GPS multipath mitigation. GPS Solutions, 2008, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 109 - 117.
18. YEDUKONDALU, K., SARMA, A. D., SATYA SRINIVAS, V. Estimation and mitigation of GPS multipath interference using adaptive filtering. Journal of Progress in Electromagnetics Research-M, 2011, vol. 21, p. 133 - 148.
19. TOWNSEND, B. R., FENTON, P. C., VAN DIERENDONCK, K. J., VAN NEE, R. D. J. Performance evaluation of the multipath estimating delay lock loop. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 1995, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 503 - 514.
20. REN, J. W., CHEN, H. H., JIA, W. M., YAO, M. L. Linearcombined- code-based unambiguous code discriminator design for multipath mitigation in GNSS receivers. Radioengineering, 2012, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 1140 - 1146.
21. LOHAN, E. S., HAMILA, R., LAKHZOURI, A., RENFORS, M. Highly efficient techniques for mitigating the effects of multipath propagation in DS-CDMA delay estimation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2005, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 149 - 162.
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Keywords: GPS, multipath mitigation, TKO-MEDLL, LOS time delay estimation.

F. Zaplata, M. Kasal [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Software Defined DCF77 Receiver

This paper shows the solution of time stamp software defined receiver integration into low cost com-mercial devices. The receiver is based on a general pur-pose processor and its analog to digital converter. The amplified signal from a narrow-band antenna is connected to the converter and no complicated filtration has to be used. All signal processing is digitally provided by the processor. During signal reception, the processor stays available for its main tasks and signal processing con-sumes only a small part of its computational power.

1. HKW-Elektronik GmbH, Germany. UE6005 Time-Code Receiver IC (datasheet). 14 pages. [Online]. 2001, Rev. A10, Cited 2011- 12-19. Available at: http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dl/Data sheets-316/627876.pdf
2. TEMIC TELEFUNKEN microelectronic GmbH, Germany. U4221B Radio Controlled Clock Receiver (datasheet). 12 pages. [Online]. 1996, Rev. A1, Cited 2012-6-20. Available at: http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/Temic/mXyzuryz.pdf
3. Micro Analog Systems Oy, Finland. MAS6180 AM Receiver IC (datasheet). 14 pages. [Online]. 2011, Rev. DA6180B.002, Cited 2012-11-8. Available at: http://www.mas-oy.com/uploads/Data %20sheets/da6180B.pdf
4. C-MAX Time Solutions GmbH, Germany. CME8000 RC Receiver IC (datasheet). 21 pages. [Online]. 2005, Rev. B.11, Cited 2012- 11-8. Available at: http://datasheet.octopart.com/CME8000- DDTB-C-Max-datasheet-46588.pdf
5. NXP B. V., UM10161 LPC2101/02/03 User Guide (datasheet). 292 pages. [Online]. 2009, Rev. 4, Cited 2011-07-16. Available at: http://www.nxp.com/documents/user_manual/UM10161.pdf
6. BAUCH, A., HETZEL, P., PIESTER, D. Time and frequency dissemination with DCF77: From 1959 to 2009 and beyond. PTBMitteilungen: Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der Physikalisch- Technischen Bundesanstalt, 2009, No. 3. ISSN 0030-834X. [Online] Available at: http://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/ fachabteilungen/abteilung_4/4.4_zeit_und_frequenz/pdf/PTBM_ 50a_DCF77_engl.pdf
7. MORALES, M. A. V., Cypress MicroSystems, Inc., Radio Controlled Calendar Clock. (Application note). 12 pages [Online]. 2010, Rev. A, Cited 2011-12-19. Available at: http://www.cypress.com
8. STRAW, R. D. The ARRL antenna book. 21st ed. Newington (CT, USA): ARRL, 2007.
9. OPPENHEIM, A. V., SCHAFER, R. W., BUCK, J. R. Discretetime signal processing, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ, USA): Prentice Hall, 1999.
10. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, PGA202 (datasheet). 11 pages. [Online]. 2000, Cited 2013-02-26. Available at: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pga202.pdf
11. LINEAR TECHNOLOGY, LTC6910 (datasheet). 24 pages. [Online]. 2002, Rev. A, Cited 2013-02-26. Available at: http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/6910123fa.pdf
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Keywords: DCF77, time stamp transmission, software defined radio, digital receiver, Goertzel algorithm

B. F. Zong, G. M. Wang, Y. W. Wang, F. Wu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design of Compact BPF and Planar Diplexer for UMTS using Embedded-scheme Resonator

A compact planar diplexer utilizing embedded-scheme resonator (ESR) is designed for universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). The ESR is formed by embedding interdigital resonators into an open loop resonator. Based on the proposed ESR, a narrowband bandpass filter suitable for diplexer design is proposed, fabricated and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the filter exhibits good transmission properties within band and high frequency selectivity. The rectangular area occupied by the filter has overall dimensions only 0.086λg by 0.105λg, promises good potential in wireless communication systems that require compact size and high encapsulation quality. Then, a compact planar diplexer operating at the TX-band of 1920-1980MHz and the RX-band of 2110-2170MHz, which is composed of a meander T-junction and two filters initially separately designed, is synthesized, simulated and measured. Both the simulated and measured results indicate that satisfied impedance matching and good isolation between two paths have been achieved.

1. XU, W.-Q., HO, M.-H., HSU, C-I.-G. Quasi-lumped design of UMTS diplexer using combined CPW and microstrip. IEEE Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2009, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 150 - 152.
2. HUANG, C.-Y., WENG, M.-H. High band isolation and wide stopband diplexer using dual-mode stepped-impendance resonators. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 2010, vol. 100, p. 299 to 308.
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4. LIANG, J.-G., CHEN, W.-L., WANG, G.-M. Harmonics suppression microstrip diplexer for 3G wireless communication system using fractal-shaped geometry. IEEE Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2007, vol. 49, no. 12, p. 150 - 152.
5. BONACHE, J., GIL, I., GARCIA-GARCIA, J., MARTIN, F. Complementary split ring resonators for microstrip diplexer design. Electronics Letters, July 2005, vol. 41, no. 14, p. 810-811.
6. JIMENEZ-MARTIN, J.-L., GONZALEZ-POSADAS, V., ARQUES, F.-J., GARCIA-MUNOZ, L.-E., SEGOVIA-VARGAS, D. Dual band high efficiency power amplifier based on CRLH lines. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 567 - 578.
7. WANG, C.-W., MA, T.-G., CHANG, C.-F. A new planar artifical transmission line and its applications to a miniaturized butler matrix. IEEE Transaction Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2007, vol. 55, no. 12, p. 2792 - 2801.
8. HSU, H.-W., LAI, C.-H., MA, T.-G. A miniaturized dual-mode ring bandpass filter. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2010, vol. 20, no. 10, p. 542 - 544.
9. GORUR, A., KARUPZ, C. Miniature dual-mode microstrip filters. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2007, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 37 - 39.
10. ZHU, L., TAN, B.-C., QUEK, S.-J. Miniaturized dual-mode bandpass filter using inductively loaded cross-slotted patch resonator. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2005, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 22 - 24.
11. YANG, T., CHI, P.-L., ITOH, T. High isolation and compact diplexer using the hybrid resonators. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2010, vol. 20, no. 10, p. 551 - 553.

Keywords: Embedded-scheme resonator, band pass filter, planar diplexer

J. Puskely, T. Mikulasek, Z. Raida [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design of a Compact Wideband Antenna Array for Microwave Imaging Applications

In the paper, wideband antenna arrays aimed at microwave imaging applications and SAR applications operating at Ka band were designed. The antenna array feeding network is realized by a low-loss SIW technology. Moreover, we have replaced the large feed network comprised of various T and Y junctions by a simple broadband network of compact size to more reduce losses in the substrate integrated waveguide and also save space on the PCB. The designed power 8-way divider is complemented by a wideband substrate integrated waveguide to a grounded coplanar waveguide transition and directly connected to the antenna elements. The measured results of antenna array are consistent with our simulation. Obtained results of the developed array demonstrated improvement compared to previously developed binary feed networks with microstrip or SIW splitters.

1. FEAR, E. C., LI, X., HAGNESS, S. C., STUCHLY, M. A. Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: localization of tumors in three dimensions. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Aug. 2002, vol. 49, no. 8, p. 812-822.
2. BOND, E. J., LI, X., HAGNESS, S. C., VAN VEEN, B. D. Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early detection of breast cancer. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Aug. 2003, vol. 51, no. 8, p.1690-1705.
3. SIEGEL, P. H. Terahertz technology in biology and medicine. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Oct. 2004, vol. 52, no. 10, p. 2438-2447.
4. BERMANI, E., BONI, A., CAORSI, S., MASSA, A. An innovative real-time technique for buried object detection. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2003, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 927-931.
5. PASTORINO, M. Stochastic optimization methods applied to microwave imaging: A review. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 2007, vol. 55, no. 3, p. 538-548.
6. HUI, X., TAO, L., YANSHAN, S. The application research of microwave imaging in nondestructive testing of concrete wall. In The Sixth World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation WCICA 2006. 2006, vol. 1, p. 5157-5161.
7. YANG, Y., WANG, Y., FATHY, A. E. Design of compact Vivaldi antenna arrays for UWB see through wall applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research PIER 82, 2008, p. 401-418.
8. KAZEMI, R., FATHY, A. E., SADEGHZADEH, R. A. Dielectric rod antenna array with substrate integrated waveguide planar feed network for wideband applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 2012, vol. 60, no. 3, p. 1312-1319.
9. LAZARO, A., GIRBAU, D., VILLARINO, R. Simulated and experimental investigation of microwave imaging using UWB. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2009, vol. 94, p. 263-280.
10. LIN, S., YANG, S., FATHY, A. E., ELSHERBINI, A. Development of a novel UWB Vivaldi antenna array using SIW technology. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2009, vol. 90, p. 369-384.
11. ZHANG, Z., WU, K., YANG, N. Broadband millimeter-wave quasi-Yagi antenna using Substrate Integrated Waveguide technique. In IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium 2008, Jan. 2008, p. 671-674.
12. HAO, Z., HONG, W., LI, H., ZHANG, H., WU, K. Multiway broadband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) power divider. In IEEE Ant. Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., 2005, p. 639-642.
13. LI BIN, DONG LIANG, ZHANG JIAO-CHENG. The research of broadband millimeter-wave Vivaldi array antenna using SIW technique. In International Conference ICMMT 2010. 2010, p. 997-1000.
14. SONGNAN, Y., ELSHERBINI, A., LIN, S., FATHY, A. E., KAMEL, A., ELHENNAWY, H. A highly efficient Vivaldi antenna array design on thick substrate and fed by SIW structure with integrated GCPW feed. In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2007. 2007, p. 1985-1988.
15. YANG, Y., ZHANG, C., LIN, S., FATHY, A. E. Development of an ultra wideband Vivaldi antenna array. In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2005. 2005, p. 606 to 609.
16. DOLPH, L. C. The current distribution of broadside arrays with optimized the relationship between beamwidth and side-lobe level. Proc. IRE and Waves and Electrons, June 1946.
17. ALVAREZ-LOPEZ, Y., GARCIA-GONZALEZ, C., VAZQUEZANTUNA, C., VER-HOEYE, S., LAS HERAS ANDRES, F. Frequency scanning based radar system. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2012, vol. 132, p. 275-296.

Keywords: Vivaldi antenna; Yagi antenna; microwave imaging; SIW feeding network; SAR; Ka frequency band

C. M. Luo, J . S. Hong, H. Xiong [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Tri-band-notched UWB Antenna with Low Mutual Coupling between the Band-notched Structures

A compact printed U-shape ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with triple band-notched characteristics is presented. The proposed antenna, with compact size of 24×33 mm2, yields an impedance bandwidth of 2.8-12GHz for VSWR<2, except the notched bands. The notched bands are realized by introducing two different types of slots. Two C-shape half-wavelength slots are etched on the radiating patch to obtain two notched bands in 3.3-3.7GHz for WiMAX and 7.25-7.75GHz for downlink of X-band satellite communication systems. In order to minimize the mutual coupling between the band-notched structures, the middle notched band in 5-6GHz for WLAN is achieved by using a U-slot defected ground structure. The parametric study is carried out to understand the mutual coupling. Surface current distributions and equivalent circuit are used to illustrate the notched mechanism. The performance of this antenna both by simulation and by experiment indicates that the proposed antenna is suitable and a good candidate for UWB applications.

1. Fed. Commun. Comm., Washington, DC, First Report and Order, Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rule Regarding Ultra- Wideband Transmission System FCC 02-48, Federal Communications Commission, 2002.
2. ZHANG, Y., HONG, W., YU, C., KUAI, Z. Q., DON, Y. D., ZHOU, J. Y. Planar ultrawideband antennas with multiple notched bands based on etched slots on the patch and/or split ring resonators on the feed line. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2008, vol. 56, no. 9, p. 3063-3068.
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4. MOHAMMADI, S., NOURINIA, J., GHOBADI, C., MAJIDZADEH, M. Compact CPW-fed rotated square-shaped patch slot antenna with band-notched function for UWB applications. Electronics Letters, 2011, vol. 47, no. 24, p. 1307 to 1308.
5. KIM, J., CHO, C. S., LEE, J. W. 5.2GHz notched ultra-wideband antenna using slot-type SRR. Electronics Letters, 2006, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 315-316.
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7. LI, Y. S., LI, W. X., JIANG, T. Implementation and investigation of a compact circular wide slot UWB antenna with dual notched band characteristics using stepped impedance resonators. Radioengineering, 2012, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 517-527.
8. KIM, K. H., CHO, Y. J., HWANG, S. H., PARK, S. O. Bandnotched UWB planar monopole antenna with two parasitic patches. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2007, vol. 55, no. 12, p. 3391-3397.
9. EMADIAN, S. R., GHOBADI, C., NOURINIA, J., MIRMOZAFARI, M. H., POURAHMADAZAR, J. Bandwidth enhancement of CPW-fed circle-like slot antenna with dual bandnotched characteristic. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2012, vol. 11, p. 543-546.
10. ZHU, F., GAO, S., HO, A. T. S., SEE, C. H., ABD-ALHAMEED, R. A., LI, J., XU, J. Design and analysis of planar ultra- wideband antenna with dual band-notched function. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2012, vol. 127, p. 523-536.
11. NOURI, A., DADASHZADEH, G. R. A compact UWB bandnotched printed monopole antenna with defect ground structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 10, p. 1178-1212.
12. ZHANG, K., LI, Y. X., LONG, Y. L. Band-notched UWB printed monopole antenna with a novel segmented circular patch. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 9, p. 1209 to 1151.
13. HONG, C. Y., LING, C. W., TARN, I. Y., CHUNG, S. J. Design of a planar ultrawideband antenna with a new band-notch structure. Electronics Letters, 2008, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 453-454.
14. YIN, K., XU, J. P. Compact ultra-wideband antenna with dual bandstop characteristic. Electronics Letters, 2008, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 453-454.
15. OJAROUDI, M., YAZDANIFARD, S., OJAROUDI, N., SADEGHZADEH, R. A. Band-notched small square-ring antenna with a pair of T-shaped strips protruded inside the square ring for UWB applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2011, vol. 10, p. 227-230.
16. ABDOLLAHVAND, M., DADASHZADEH, G., MOSTAFA, D. Compact dual band-notched printed monopole antenna for UWB application. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 9, p. 1148-1151.
17. LIU, J., ESSELLE, K. P., HAY, S. G., ZHONG, S. S. Study of an extremely wideband monopole antenna with triple band-notched characteristics. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 2012, vol. 123, p. 143-158.
18. WENG, Y. F., CHEUNG, S. W., YUK, T. I. Design of multiple band-notch using meander lines for compact ultra-wide band antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas&Propagation, 2012, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 908-914.
19. LIN, C. C., JIN, P., ZIOLKOWSKI, R. W. Single, dual and triband- notched ultrawideband (UWB) antennas using capacitively loaded loop (CLL) resonators. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 1, p. 102-109.

Keywords: Band-notched structures, low mutual coupling, triple notched bands, UWB antenna

A. Łysiuk, K. Godziszewski, Y. Yashchyshyn, J. Modelski [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Design and Investigation of Photonic Remote Antenna Units for Bidirectional Transmission in the Last Mile Wireless over Fiber System

In the article three different photonic Remote Antenna Units (RAU) in the last mile Wireless over Fiber links are presented. For construction of RAU commercially available optoelectronic devices were used. The solutions differ from each other by the method of ensuring isolation between transmitting and receiving modes of operation. All RAUs were designed, realized and measured in various scenarios. The results prove that all propositions can be successfully applied to uplink and downlink IEEE 802.11b/g wireless LAN systems, employing Wireless over Fiber technique.

1. IEZEKIEL, S. (red.) Microwave Photonics. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
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13. DELAVAUX, J. M. P., GILES, C. R., GRANLUND, S. W., CHEN, C. D. Repeatered bi-directional 10-Gbit/s 240-km fiber transmission experiment. In Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication conference. San Jose (USA), 1996, p. 18-19.
14. McDONNA, A. P., McCARTNEY, D. J., MORTIMORE, D. B. 1.3 μm bidirectional optical transmission over 31 km of installed single-mode fibre using optical couplers. Electronic Letters, 1984, vol. 20, no. 8, p. 722-723.
15. LI, Y., ZHANG, Z., CHEN, W., FENG, Z., ISKANDER, M. F. A dual-polarization slot antenna using a compact CPW feeding structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 9, p. 191-194.
16. URZEDOWSKA, A., GODZISZEWSKI, K., YASHCHYSHYN, Y. Radio-over-fiber link for WLAN and LTE systems. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. Warsaw (Poland), 2012, p. 674 - 677.
17. XIAO, Y., ROSDAHL, J. Throughput and delay limits of IEEE 802.11. IEEE Communications Letters, 2002, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 355 - 357.
18. DOERING, M., BUDZISZ, Ł., WILLKOMM, D., WOLISZ, A. About the practicality of using partially overlapping channels in IEEE 802.11 b/g networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications. Budapest (Hungary), 2013, p. 3703 - 3707.

Keywords: Wireless over Fiber (WoF), photonic antenna, bidirectional transmission.

V. Milutinović, T. Cvetković, N. Doncov, B. Milovanović [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Circuital and Numerical Models for Calculation of Shielding Effectiveness of Enclosure with Apertures and Monitoring Dipole Antenna Inside

In this paper, circuital and numerical models of metal In this paper, circuital and numerical models of metal enclosure with apertures are considered for the purpose of accurate shielding effectiveness calculation. An improved circuital model is presented to account for the presence of receiving dipole antenna which is often used in practice to measure the level of electromagnetic field at selected points inside the enclosure. Receiving antenna of finite dimensions could significantly change the EM field distribution inside the enclosure and thus affect the results for SE. TLM method incorporating wire node is used to create a numerical model. Both models are compared in terms of their ability to account for receiving antenna impact on shielding effectiveness of rectangular enclosure with aperture. In addition, comparison of both models is carried out for the case when an array of apertures with different aperture separation is present on one of the enclosure walls whereby the numerical TLM model is additionally enhanced with compact air-vent model.

1. MENDEZ. H. A. Shielding theory of enclosures with apertures. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1978, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 296–305.
2. ROBINSON, M. P., BENSON, T. M., CHRISTOPOULOS, C., DAWSO, J. F., GANLEY, M. D., MARVIN, A. C., PORTER, S. J., THOMAS, D. W. P. Analytical formulation for the shielding effectiveness of enclosures with apertures. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1998, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 240–248.
3. SHIM, J., KAM, D. G., KWON, J. H., KIM, J. Circuital modelling and measurement of shielding effectiveness against oblique incident plane wave on apertures in multiple sides of rectangular enclosure. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2010, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 566–577.
4. NUEBEL, L. J., DREWNIAK, J. L., DUBROFF, R. E., HUBING, T. H., VAN DOREN, T. P. EMI from cavity modes of shielding enclosures – FDTD modeling and measurements. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2000, vol. 42, no. 1, p. 29–38.
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6. NIE, B. L., DU, P. A., YU, Y. T., SHI, Z. Study of the shielding properties of enclosures with apertures at higher frequencies using the transmission-line modeling method. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2011, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 73–81.
7. MILOVANOVIĆ, B., DONCOV, N., MILUTINOVIĆ, V., CVETKOVIĆ, T. Numerical characterization of EM coupling through the apertures in the shielding enclosure from the viewpoint of electromagnetic compatibility. Telecommunications - Scientific Journal Published by the Republic Agency for Electronic Communications – RATEL, 2010, no. 6, p. 73-82.
8. MILUTINOVIĆ, V., CVETKOVIĆ, T., DONCOV, N., MILOVANOVIĆ, B. Analysis of the shielding effectiveness of enclosure with multiple circular apertures on adjacent walls. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information. Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies – ICEST. Nis (Serbia), 2011, p. 685-688.
9. CVETKOVIĆ, T., MILUTINOVIĆ, V., DONCOV, N., MILOVANOVIĆ, B. Analysis of the influence of polarization and direction of propagation of an incident plane wave on the effectiveness of rectangular enclosures with apertures. In Proceedings of the INFOTEH Conference. Jahorina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 2011, vol. 10, Ref.B-I-6, p. 90-94.
10. MILUTINOVIĆ, V., CVETKOVIĆ, T., DONCOV, N., MILOVANOVIĆ, B. Analysis of enclosure shielding properties dependence on aperture spacing and excitation parameters. In Proc. of the IEEE TELSIKS Conf.. Nis (Serbia), 2011, vol. 2, p. 521 to 524.
11. KORINEK, T., PIKSA, P., MAZANEK, M. Wideband measurement in a small shielded box using equiangular spiral antennas. Radioengineering, 2006, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 34-37.
12. JOKOVIĆ, J., MILOVANOVIĆ, B., DONCOV, N. Numerical model of transmission procedure in a cylindrical metallic cavity compared with measured results. International Journal of RD and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2008, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 295-302.
13. MILUTINOVIĆ, V., CVETKOVIĆ, T., DONCOV, N., MILOVANOVIĆ, B. Shielding effectiveness of rectangular enclosure with apertures and real receiving antenna. In Proceedings of the INFOTEH Conference. Jahorina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 2012. vol. 11, Ref.KST-4-9, p. 440-444.
14. WLODARCZYK, A. J., TRENKIC, V., SCARAMUZZA, R., CHRISTOPOULOS, C. A fully integrated multiconductor model for TLM. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1998, vol. 46, no. 12, p. 2431-2437.
15. DONCOV, N., WLODARCZYK, A. J., SCARAMUZZA, R., TRENKIC, V. Compact TLM model for air-vents. Electronics Letters, 2002, vol. 38, no. 16, p. 887-889.
16. DONCOV, N., MILOVANOVIC, B., STANKOVIC, Z. Extension of compact TLM air-vent model on rectangular and hexagonal apertures. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, 2011, vol. 26, no.1, p. 64-72.
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Keywords: Enclosure, shielding properties, plane wave, apertures, dipole antenna, circuital model, numerical TLM model

S. Keyrouz, H. J. Visser, A. G. Tijhuis [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Novel Empirical Equations to Calculate the Impedance of a Strip Dipole Antenna

This paper investigates the input impedance of strip dipoles since they are the basic elements of folded strip dipole antennas. A novel, simple and accurate design algorithm is presented. Compared to state-of-the art design equations, the new proposed equations are more accurate than those found in the literature and take into consideration the antenna feeding width. These equations reduce the calculation time, when compared to commercial electromagnetic simulation software, allowing for fast antenna designs with very high accuracy. Based on the novel equations, a strip dipole antenna is designed, simulated, manufactured and measured. The simulation results are validated by measurements.

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7. BUTLER, C. M. The equivalent radius of a narrow conducting strip. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagations, 1982, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 755 - 758, 1982.
8. C. S. T. SUITE, CST Microwave Studio user manual. 2010.

Keywords: Analytical solution, dipole antenna, input impedance, power waves, reflection coefficients

S. Joseph, B. Paul, S. Mridula, P. Mohanan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Novel Planar Fractal Antenna with CPW-Feed for Multiband applications

In this paper, a multiband antenna using a novel fractal design is presented. The antenna structure is formed by inscribing a hexagonal slot within a circle. This base structure is then scaled and arranged within the hexagon along its sides without touching the outer structure. The proposed CPW fed, low profile antenna offers good performance in the 1.65-2.59 GHz, 4.16-4.52 GHz and 5.54-6.42 GHz bands and is suitable for GSM 1800/1900, Bluetooth, IMT advanced system and upper WLAN applications. The antenna has been fabricated on a substrate of height 1.6mm and er=4.4 and simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement.

1. NGUYEN, D. T., DONG, H. L., HYUN, C. P. Small planar coplanar waveguide-fed dual band-notched monopole ultrawideband antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2011, vol. 53, no. 4, p. 920 - 924.
2. YU, F., WANG, C. A CPW-Fed novel planar ultra wideband antenna with a band notch characteristic. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 551 - 555.
3. EVANGELOS, S. A., ARGIRIS, Z. A., DIMITRA, I. K., ANTONIS, A. A., FOTIS, L., KOSTAS, D. Circular and elliptical CPW-fed slot and microstrip-fed antennas for ultrawideband applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2006, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 294 - 297.
4. MAHATTANAJATUPHAT, C., SALEEKAW, S., AKKARAEKTHALIN, P. A rhombic patch monopole antenna with modified Minkowski fractal geometry for UMTS, WLAN and mobile WIMAX applications. Progress in Electromagnetic Research PIER, 2009, vol. 89, p. 57 - 74.
5. GIANVITTORIO, J. P. et al. Fractal antennas: A novel antenna miniaturization technique and applications. Antenna and Propagation Magazine, 2002, vol. 44, p. 20 - 36.
6. AZARI, A. A new super wideband fractal microstrip antenna. IEEE transactions on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2011.
7. AZARI, A. Ultra wideband fractal microstrip antenna design. Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, 2008, vol. 2, p. 7 - 12.
8. DING, M., JIN, R. Design of CPW-fed ultra wideband crown circular fractal antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2007, vol. 49, p. 173 - 176.
9. GHATAK, R., KARMAKAR A., PODDAR, D. R. A circular shaped Sierpinski carpet fractal UWB monopole antenna with band rejection capability. Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, 2011, vol. 24, p. 221 - 234.
10. PUENTE, C., ROMEU, J., POUS, R., CARDAMA, A. On the behavior of the Sierpinski multiband fractal antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1998, vol. 46, no. 4, p. 517 - 524.
11. NAGHSHVARIAN, M. J. Novel wideband planar fractal monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2008, vol. 56, no. 12, p. 3844 - 3849.
12. HONGNARA, T., MAHATTANAJATUPHAT, C., AKKARAEKTHALIN, P., KRAIRISKSH, M. A multiband CPW-fed slot antenna with fractal stub and parasitic line. Radioengineering, 2012, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 597 - 605.
13. AZIZ, R. S., ALKANHAL, M. A. S., SHETA, A. F. A. Multiband fractal-like antennas. Progress in Electromagnetic Research B, 2011, vol. 29, p. 339 - 354.
14. MIRKAMALI, A., AKHOONDZADEH, L.-ASL., HALL, P. S. MOUSSAKHANI, K. Modified multiband multiple ring monopole antenna. Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, 2010, vol. 14, p. 173 - 183.
15. YOGESH, K. C., BEHERA, S. K. CPW-fed compact multiband Sierpinski triangle antenna. In IEEE Indicon. Calcutta (India), 2010.
16. FCC Online Table of Frequency Allocations. Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology Policy and Rules Division, 2012.
17. BALANIS, C. A. Handbook of Microstrip Antennas. New York (USA): John Wiley and Sons, 1982.

Keywords: Fractal, multiband, CPW, hexagon, iteration,WLAN, GSM

A. Garcia Juarez, I. E. Zaldivar Huerta, A. Baylon Fuentes, M. R. Gomez Colin, J. Rodriguez Asomoza, A. G. Rojaz Hernandez [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Reflected Power Measurement of Antennas between 0 and 4 GHz Using Optical Mixing of Distributed Feedback Lasers

Reflected power measurement of antennas by using an alternative microwave photonic system is presented in this paper. The proposed experimental setup is based on optical mixing of two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, where combined beams are detected by a photo-detector. The resulting photocurrent corresponds to a microwave signal which is continuously tuned on bandwidths from 0 to 4 GHz. The obtained swept frequency is applied to an antenna in order to measure its reflected power. Error sources that limit the measurement accuracy of optical mixing such as effect of power deviation in the linewidth of the beat signal and errors introduced by extra fixture are studied. Results of the measurements obtained with the proposed photonic technique are calibrated and compared with traditional electrical measurements. The most important motivation on the use of the proposed technique in this paper lies in that with a simple configuration we were able to characterize microwave devices in a very wide frequency range, avoiding the use of a vector network analyzer (VNA), and thus, a complicated and tedious calibration procedure, contributing to the field of instrumentation and characterization by using photonic techniques.

1. FARZANEH, S., OZTURK, A. K., SEBAK, A. R., PAKNYS, R. Antenna-pattern measurement using spectrum analyzer for systems with frequency translation. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2009, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 126-131.
2. MCCABE, S., SCOTT, J. Measurement of antennas and microwave components using time-domain reflectometry of a voltage impulse. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2011, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 634-636.
3. BANG HONG ZHANG, NING HUA ZHU, WEI HAN, JIAN HONG KE, HONG GUANG ZHANG, MIN REN, WEI LI, LIANG XIE Development of swept frequency method for measuring frequency response of photodetectors based on harmonic analysis. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2009, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 459-461.
4. XUMING WU, JIANGWEI MAN, LIANG XIE, JIANGUO LIU, YU LIU, NINGHUA ZHU A new method for measuring the frequency response of broadband optoelectronic devices. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 1679-1685.
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7. INAGAKI, K., KAWANISHI, T., IZUTSU, M. Optoelectronic frequency response measurement of photodiodes by using highextinction ratio optical modulator. IEICE Electronics Express, 2012, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 220-226.
8. DENNIS, T., HALE, P. D. High-accuracy photoreceiver frequency response measurements at 1.55 m by use of a heterodyne phaselocked loop. Optics Express, 2011, vol. 19, no. 21, p. 20 103 to 20 114.
9. HERNANDEZ-NAVA, P., BAYLON-FUENTES, A., GARCIAJUAREZ, A., ZALDIVAR-HUERTA, I. E., GOMEZ-COLIN, R., ROJAS-HERNANDEZ, A., RODRIGUEZ-ASOMOZA, J., AGUAYO-RODRIGUEZ, G. Optical heterodyne as an alternative technique for reflected power measurement of antennas. In IEEE Proceedings of International Conference on Information Photonics. Ottawa (Canada), 2011, p. 1-2.
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12. KAWANISHI, S., TAKADA, A., SARUWATARI, M. Wide-band frequency-response measurement of optical receivers using optical heterodyne detection. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1989, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 92-98.
13. HAISHENG SAN, LIN LI, GANG LI, XUYUAN CHEN, BOXUE FENG Frequency response measurement of high-speed photodetectors using the spectrum power method in a delay selfheterodyne system. Applied Physics B, 2007, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 411 to 415.
14. ANG MIAO, YONGQING HUANG, HUI HUANG, RUI WANG, SONG WANG, XIAOMIN REN Wideband calibration of photodetector frequency response based on optical heterodyne measurement. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2009, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 44-48.
15. GARCIA JUAREZ, A., ZALDIVAR HUERTA, I. E., RODRIGUEZ ASOMOZA, J., DE ROCIO GOMEZ COLIN, M. Photonics components for analog fiber links. Optical Communications, Chapter 7, Intech, 2012, p. 129-166.
16. SEVGI, L. The antenna as a transducer: Simple circuit and electromagnetic models. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2007, vol. 49, no. 6, p. 211-218.
17. HERNANDEZ-NAVA, P., BAYLON-FUENTES, A., ZALDI- VAR-HUERTA, I. E., RODRIGUEZ-ASOMOZA, J., GARCIAJUAREZ, A., AGUAYO-RODRIGUEZ, G., OLVERA-CERVANTES, J. L. Microwave hybrid fiber-radio system based on optical heterodyne technique. In IEEE Proceedings International Conference on Information Photonics. Ottawa (Canada), 2011, p. 1-2.

Keywords: Antenna measurement, optical mixing, distributed feedback lasers, photodetectors, optoelectronics

H. H. Yang, X. Y. Cao, Q. R. Zheng, J. J. Ma, W. Q. Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Broadband RCS Reduction of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Bandstop Frequency Selective Surface

In this article, a simple and effective approach is presented to reduce the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of microstrip patch antenna in ultra broad frequency band. This approach substitutes a metallic ground plane of a conventional patch antenna with a hybrid ground consisting of bandstop Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) cells with partial metallic plane. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach, the influence of different ground planes on antenna’s performance is investigated. Thus, a patch antenna with miniaturized FSS cells is proposed. The results suggest that this antenna shows 3dB RCS reduction almost in the whole out-of operating band within 1-20GHz for wide incident angles when compared to conventional antenna, while its radiation characteristics are sustained simultaneously. The reasonable agreement between the measured and the simulated results verifies the efficiency of the proposed approach. Moreover, this approach doesn’t alter the lightweight, low-profile, easy conformal and easy manufacturing nature of the original antenna and can be extended to obtain low-RCS antennas with metallic planes in broadband that are quite suitable for the applications which are sensitive to the variation of frequencies.

1. LI, Y., ZHANG, H., FU, Y., YUAN, N. RCS reduction of ridged waveguide slot antenna array using EBG radar absorbing material. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2008, vol. 7, p. 473-476.
2. CHEN, H., ZHOU, P., CHEN, L., DENG, L. Study on the properties of surface waves in coated ram layers and monostatic rcs performances of the coated slab. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, 2010, vol. 1, p. 123-135.
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4. JIANG, W., LIU, Y., GONG, S., HONG, T. Application of bionics in antenna radar cross section reduction. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2009, vol. 8, p. 1275-1278.
5. XU, H., ZHANG, H., LI, G., QU, Q., LU, K. An ultra-wideband fractal slot antenna with low backscattering cross section. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2011, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 1150-1154.
6. POZAR, D. Radiation and scattering from a microstrip patch on a uniaxial substrate. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1987, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 613-621.
7. VOLAKIS, J., ALEXANIAN, A., LIN, J. Broadband RCS reduction of rectangular patch by using distributed loading. Electronics Letters, 1992, vol. 28, no. 25, p. 2322-2325.
8. COSTA, F., MONORCHIO, A. A frequency selective radome with wideband absorbing properties. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 2740-2747.
9. ZHOU, H., QU, S., LIN, B., WANG, J., MA, H., XU, Z., PENG, W., BAI, P. Filter-antenna consisting of conical FSS radome and monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 3040-3045.
10. MISRAN, N., CAHILL, R., FUSCO, V. RCS reduction technique for reflectarray antennas. Electronics Letters, 2003, vol. 39, no. 23, p. 1630-1631.
11. WANG, W., GONG, S., WANG, X., YUAN, H., LING, J., WAN, T. RCS reduction of array antenna by using bandstop FSS reflector. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2009, vol. 23, no. 11, p. 1505-1514.
12. GENOVESI, S., COSTA, F., MONORCHIO, A. Low profile array with reduced radar cross section by using hybrid Frequency Selective Surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, vol. 60, no. 5, p. 2327-2335.
13. SARKAR, S., MAJUMDAR, A., MONDAL, S., BISWAS, S., SARKAR, D., SARKAR, P. Miniaturization of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using optimized single-slotted ground plane. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2011, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 111-115.
14. LIU, T., CAO, X., GAO, J., ZHENG, Q., LI, W. Design of metamaterial absorber and its applications for waveguide slot antenna. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, vol. 61, no. 18, p. 1841011- 1841018.
15. YAO, X., CAO, X., GAO, J., YANG, Q. A polarization-dependent multiband RAM design. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2012, vol. 32, p. 11-18.

Keywords: Bandstop FSS; microstrip patch antenna; RCS reduction; broadband

J. Vrba, D. Vrba [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Temperature and Frequency Dependent Empirical Models of Dielectric Properties of Sunflower and Olive Oil

In this article, a known concept and measurement probe geometry for the estimation of the dielectric properties of oils have been adapted. The new probe enables the~measurement in the frequency range of 1 to 3000 MHz. Additionally, the measurement probe has been equipped with a~heat exchanger, which has enabled us to measure the dielectric properties of sunflower and olive oil as well as of two commercial emulsion concentrates. Subsequently, corresponding linear empirical temperature and frequency dependent models of the dielectric properties of the above mentioned oils and concentrates have been created. The dielectric properties measured here as well as the values obtained based on the empirical models created here match the data published in professional literature very well.

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13. CATALDO, A., CATARINUCCI, L., TARRICONE, L., ATTIVISSIMO, F., TROTTA, A. A frequency-domain method for extending TDR performance in quality determination of fluids. Measurement Science and Technology, 2007, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 675 - 688.
14. CATALDO, A.., PIUZZI, E., CANNAZZA, G., DE BENEDETTO, E. Dielectric spectroscopy of liquids through a combined approach: Evaluation of the metrological performance and feasibility study on vegetable oils. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2009, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 1226 - 1233.
15. VRBA, J. Coaxial reflection probe for measurements of temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties of low-loss liquids. In Proceedings of the Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium. Stockholm (Sweden), 2013, p. 1091 - 1094.
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17. WEI, Y. Z., SRIDHAR, S. Radiation-corrected openended coax line technique for dielectric measurements of liquids up to 20 GHz. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1991, vol. 39, p. 526 - 531.
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24. ROSENBAUM, U., HUISMAN, J. A., VRBA, J., VEREECKEN, H., BOGENA, H. R. Correction of temperature and electrical conductivity effects on dielectric permittivity measurements with ECH2O sensors. Vadose Zone Journal, 2011, vol. 10, p. 582 - 593.

Keywords: Dielectric properties measurements, low-loss liquids, temperature and frequency dependent empirical models

V. Kabourek, P. Cerny, P. Piksa, T. Studecky, P. Kania, S. Urban [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Prague's Emission Fourier Transform Microwave Spectrometer - Design and Preliminary Results

The design, performance and operation of the high resolution microwave spectrometer are described. The spectrometer is based on the Fabry-Perot resonator supplemented by a pulsed supersonic nozzle for adiabatic cooling of the sample. The spectrometer’s high sensitivity and resolution are demonstrated by several examples.

1. TOWNES, C. H., SCHAWLOW, A. L. Microwave Spectroscopy. London: McGraw-Hill, 1955.
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Keywords: Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, rotational emission spectra, Fabry-Perot resonator, supersonic expansion, high resolution and sensitivity, hyperfine structure, and molecular structure

P. Valtr, P. Pechac [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Closed-Form Approximation for Parallel-Plate Waveguide Coefficients

Simple closed-form formulas for calculating coefficients of modes excited in a parallel-plate waveguide illuminated by a planar wave are presented. The mode-matching technique and Green’s formula are used to arrive at a matrix-based expression for waveguide coefficients calculation. Simplified solution to this matrix is proposed to derive approximate mode coefficient formulas in closed-form for both TE and TM polarization. The results are validated by numerical simulations and show good accuracy for all incidence angles and in broad frequency range.

1. APAYDIN, G., SEVGI, L. A canonical test problem for computational electromagnetics (CEM): propagation in a parallelplate waveguide. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2012, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 290 - 315.
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8. KWON, J. Y., LEE, J. W., EOM, H. J. TM-radiation from an obliquely flanged parallel-plate waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2002, vol. 50, no. 11, p. 1534 – 1538.
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Keywords: Mode-matching, radiowave propagation, waveguides

A. Dobesch, J. Poliak [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
IR Thermometer with Automatic Emissivity Correction

The paper describes the design and implementation of an infrared (IR) thermometer with automatic emissivity correction. The temperature measurement is carried out by the simple digital thermopile sensor MLX90614. The emissivity correction is based on benefits of diffuse reflecting materials and it uses an IR laser diode in conjunction with a selective amplifier. Moreover, the paper includes the design of the control interface with a graphics LCD. Furthermore, this paper describes the power supply unit with a Li-ion cell controlled by basic integrated circuits.

1. FLUKE. IR Thermometers. [Online] Cited 2012-05-08. Available at: http://www.fluke.com/fluke/czcs/products/Teplomery.htm.
2. PYRO. Real Time Emissivity Measurement For Infrared Temperature Measurement. [Online] Cited 2012-05-08. Available at: http://www.pyrometer.com/pyro_technology.html.
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8. BENGTSSON, L. E. Implementation of High-Resolution Time-to- Digital Converter in 8-bit Microcontrollers. Gothenburg (Sweden): Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 2012.

Keywords: Temperature, non-contact temperature measuring, emissivity, reflectivity.

V. Jerabek, K, Busek,V. Prajzler,D. Mares,R. Svoboda [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
The Design of Polymer Planar Optical Triplexer with MMI Filter and Directional Coupler

Optical bidirectional WDM transceiver is a key component of the Passive Optical Network of the Fiber to the Home topology. Essential parts of such transceivers are filters that combine multiplexing and demultiplexing function of optical signal (triplexing filters). In this paper we report about a design of a new planar optical multi-wavelength selective system triplexing filter, which combines a multimode interference filter with directional coupler based on the epoxy polymer SU-8 on Si/SiO2 substrate. The optical triplexing filter was designed using the Beam Propagation Method. The aim of this project was to optimize the triplexing filter optical parameters and to minimize the planar optical wavelength selective system dimensions. The multimode interference filter was used for separation of downstream optical signal in designed optoelectronic integrated WDM transceiver. The directional coupler was used for adding of upstream optical signal.

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Keywords: Triplex filter, multi-mode interference filter, directional coupler, WDM transceiver