J. Acharjee, R. L. Kumar, K. Mandal, S. K. Mandal [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0663] [Download Citations]
A Compact Multiband Multimode Antenna Employing Defected Ground Structure

An analysis of shorting pin loaded compact triple-band antenna with triple-mode characteristics is carried out in this paper. The antenna structure is designed with a rectangular patch loaded with open edge slots to excite the fundamental TM10 mode at 2.51GHz and two modified inverted F-shaped defected ground structures (DGS) for the TM20 and TM30 modes at 5.26GHz and 8.18GHz, respectively. A design formula for the fundamental resonant frequency of the basic structure is presented using multiple linear regression technique. The experimental results show good agreement with the simulated results.

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Keywords: Multiband, multimode, PIFA, DGS, cross polarization, ISM, WLAN, ITU

S. Niyamanon, P. Janpangngern, C. Phongcharoenpanich [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0671] [Download Citations]
Wideband Dual-Arm Capacitively Coupled Patch Antenna for Tablet/Laptop Applications

The capacitively coupled microstrip antenna for 4G and Wi-Fi applications is presented. The antenna has a compact size which can easily be installed into many types of wireless communication device. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with a total dimension of 70 mm × 9 mm ×0.8 mm. The structure of the antenna consists of two main parts. The T-shape feeding patch located between two radiating strips with the ground strip being placed behind them. The surface current distribution and parametric study was analyzed to determine the suitable parameters. Furthermore, the antenna prototype was fabricated and tested. The operating frequency range of the proposed antenna is between 1.7 GHz and 2.5 GHz for the |S11| of less than -10 dB. The antenna provides a linear polarization in a single beam direction covering approximately one quadrant of the free space with a maximum gain of higher than 1.47 dBi on the entire frequency band.

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Keywords: Capacitively coupled, tablet/laptop, wideband, 4G and Wi-Fi applications

E. K. I. Hamad, A. Abdelaziz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0680] [Download Citations]
Performance of a Metamaterial-based 1×2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless Communications Examined by Characteristic Mode Analysis

The theory of characteristic modes (TCM) is used to examine the behavior of hexagonal split ring resonator (HSRR) unit cells employed in the ground plane of a 2-element microstrip antenna array. Suppression of higher harmonics and reduction in mutual coupling between the elements as a result of metamaterial loading was investigated using TCM. The novelty of this paper is the use the TCM to investigate the behavior of the HSRR, to reduce this mutual coupling, to significantly enhance the antenna’s performance. The TCM is employed to precisely determine where the HSRR unit cells should be allocated to efficiently block the coupling modes and not to affect the non-coupling modes. The simulation results showed that gains of 5.36 dB and 8.2 dB as well as bandwidths of 628 MHz and 610 MHz are achieved for the single and 2-element array antennas, respectively. The bandwidth of the array antenna was enlarged to 906 MHz by loading the ground plane with five HSRR cells. Prototypes for the proposed antennas were fabricated and the experimental outcomes showed good agreement between the measurements and simulation results. The gain and radiation efficiencies were measured using the SATIMO Starlab anechoic chamber.

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Keywords: Array antennas, characteristic mode analysis, metamaterial, microstrip patch antenna, theory of characteristic mode, wireless communications

R. Mark, N. Rajak, K. Mandal, S. Das [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0689] [Download Citations]
Isolation and Gain Enhancement Using Metamaterial Based Superstrate for MIMO Applications

In this paper, a metamaterial superstrate in¬spired multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) for gain and isolation enhanced antenna system is investigated for WLAN applications. The superstrate layer generates a resonant cavity effect which results in gain enhancement of the antenna system by 3.73 dBi (65%). The superstrate consists of a novel hexagonal nested ring structure, placed at a height of 0.175λ_0 above antenna and confines the near field coupling between the antenna elements, thereby reducing the mutual coupling. The isolation between each antenna elements is better than 20 dB over the entire band of operation with reduced edge-to-edge spacing of 0.057 λ_0 which makes it suitable for the larger MIMO configurations. The prototype of the proposed design is fabricated and validated through proper measurement that shows the measured impedance bandwidth of 7.0% (5.65–6.06 GHz). The measured gain and simulated efficiency remains above 8.6 dBi and 84% along with envelope correlation coefficient ˂0.003 over the operating band making the design suitable for high gain MIMO WLAN applications.

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Keywords: Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), isolation enhancement, metamaterial, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)

Z. Guo, X. Cao, J. Gao, H. Yu, J. Han, H. Yang, J. Tian [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0696] [Download Citations]
A Novel Reconfigurable Metasurface with Coincident and Ultra-Wideband LTL and LTC Polarization Conversion Functions

In this paper, a novel reconfigurable metasurface (NRM) with coincident and ultra-wideband linear-to-linear (LTL) and linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization conversion functions is proposed. The unit of the proposed NRM consists of superstrate, air layer, metal patch, substrate and metal ground successively. By loading micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) between two adjacent metallic via, the proposed NRM can realize LTL and LTC polarization conversion efficiently. Numerical simulation results reveal that the bandwidth of LTL and LTC polarization conversion are coincident from 5.7 GHz to 23.5 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 122%). It is worth mentioning that few metasurface in existing literature can achieve highly coincident and ultra-wideband LTL and LTC polarization conversion functions. Finally, measurement results are in accordance with simulation results.

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Keywords: Reconfigurable, ultra-wideband, polarization conversion

S. Kotchapradit, C. Thongsopa, T. Thosdeekoraphat [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0703] [Download Citations]
Analysis and Design of Microwave Dielectric Heating with Curved Plate Applicator for Deep Hyperthermia in Breast Cancer Treatment

This paper presents microwave hyperthermia treatment using dielectric heating techniques with the curved plate applicator. The 3D breast phantom model simulation was used to investigate heat distribution. The microwave heating equation was employed to focus the power loss density in the deep breast phantom tissues that consists of skin, fat, and tumor, 2D maximum (W cm-3) are 5.67, 11.92, and 8.42 for tumor size as 10 mm, 16 mm, and 30 mm, respectively. The dielectric constant and loss factor of tumor tissue provides 55.25 and 19.8, respectively. The power loss density was analyzed was excited by microwave power signal generator 2450 MHz inside of the breast phantom. This heating technique was implemented based on the electric field generated by the curved plate applicator, which is designed by a series resonance circuit with an LC matching element. Simulations revealed that the heating focused area could be targeted into the internal tumor. The measurement of dielectric properties at 24°C was performing by open-ended coaxial dielectric probe kit (N1501A, Keysight Technology) connected to a vector network analyzer (E5071C, Keysight Technology) that can be operated in the range of 1 – 10 GHz. The heat distribution was measured in agar phantom as a surrogate tumor tissue using IR cameras (U5857A True IR, Keysight Technology). The parameters of microwave DC input power 120 W, efficiency about 20 % and get microwave power at 24 W to generate a stabilized temperature between 39 – 42°C.

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Keywords: Dielectric applicator, microwave treatment, deep hyperthermia

D. Sergeyev, N. Zhanturina [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0714] [Download Citations]
Simulation of Electrical Characteristics of Switching Nanostructures "Pt – TiO – Pt" and "Pt – NiO – Pt" with Memory

The nanostructures “Pt – TiO – Pt” and “Pt – NiO – Pt” with weak switching properties and memory were studied within the framework of semi-empirical Huckel method. The calculation was implemented in the program Atomistix ToolKit with Virtual NanoLab. The transmission spectra, current-voltage characteristics and differential conductivity of nanostructures are calculated. It was revealed that in the range of voltages -1.3 V÷1.3 V, a hysteresis appears in the form of eight shaped figure on the current-voltage characteristic of Pt – TiO – Pt nano-structure, and in Pt – NiO – Pt nanostructure, the hysteresis appears in the voltage intervals -1.8 V÷0.8 V and 0.9 V÷1.8 V in the form of two oval-shaped figures connected to a segment. The manifestation of the hysteresis characteristic of these nanocontacts shows that they have memory. It was found that a negative differential resistance is observed in the voltage range, where the hysteresis of the current-voltage characteristic is appeared. It is shown that the investigating nanostructures have weak switching properties. The results of the paper can be useful for the calculation of memristic elements of nanoelectronics.

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Keywords: Memristor, nanostructure, electron transport, current-voltage characteristic, differential conductivity, transmission function (spectrum)

V. Ya. Noskov, K. A. Ignatkov, K. D. Shaidurov [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0721] [Download Citations]
Frequency Deviation of Injection-Locked Microwave Autodynes

This article presents the results of the autodyne (AD) frequency deviation research, which is simultaneously affected by its own reflected radiation and the external synchronisation signal. The basic correlations are obtained for the injection-locked AD (ILAD) analysis in the case of a moving radar object. The amplitude-frequency characteristics are calculated for the transfer coefficient of the autodyne phase variations and the ILAD frequency deviation. The advantages of ILAD are shown compared to AD without synchronisation. The theoretical research investigations are confirmed by experimental data obtained by the example of an oscillator made on the basis of the 8-mm Gunn diode.

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Keywords: Autodyne, injection-locked autodyne, autodyne signals, frequency deviation, Gunn-diode oscillator

Z. Peric, J. Nikolic, B. Denic, V. Despotovic [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0729] [Download Citations]
Forward Adaptive Dual-Mode Quantizer Based on the First-Degree Spline Approximation and Embedded G.711 Codec

In this paper, we propose a novel model of dual-mode quantizer that combines the restricted and unrestricted forward adaptive piecewise linear scalar quantizers based on the first degree-spline functions, one of them being forward adaptive G.711 quantizer used as the unrestricted one. The analysis presented in the paper can be considered as our further research in the field of dual-mode quantization. In particular, in our novel model we utilize G.711 codec due to the compatibility reasons and we develop one completely novel model of restricted quantizer based on the first-degree spline approximation, which is optimized for the assumed Laplacian source so that to provide a minimal mean-squared error distortion. Moreover, unlike previous dual-model quantizer models that processed signals in frame-by-frame manner, our novel model utilizes frame/subframe processing of the signal in order to decrease the total bit rate. The theoretical analysis in a wide dynamic range of input signal variances reveals that the proposed model of quantizer is superior versus the unrestricted G.711 quantizer as well as other similar baselines having the same number of quantization levels. In addition, the results of the experimental analysis performed on the real speech signal show a good agreement with the theoretical ones.

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Keywords: Scalar quantization, restricted quantization, dual-mode quantization, Laplacian source, SQNR

T. K. Vu, M. K. Hoang, H. L. Le [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0740] [Download Citations]
Performance Enhancement of Wi-Fi Fingerprinting-Based IPS by Accurate Parameter Estimation of Censored and Dropped Data

In complex indoor environments, the censoring, dropping, and multi-component problems may present in the observable data. This is due to the attenuation of signals, the unexpected operation of equipments, and the changing surrounding environment. Censoring refers to the fact that sensors on portable devices are unable to measure Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI) values below a certain threshold, for example, −100 dBm with typical smart phones. Dropping means that, occasionally, RSSI measurements of Wifi access points are not available, although their value is clearly above the censoring threshold. The multi-component problem occurs when the measured data varies due to obstacles as well as user directions; doors closed or open; and so forth. Taking these problems into consideration, this paper proposes a novel approach to enhance the performance of the Wifi Fingerprinting based Indoor Positioning System (WF-IPS). The proposed method is verified through simulated data and real field data. The experimental results show that our proposal outperforms the other state-of-the-art WF-IPS approach both in positioning accuracy and computational cost.

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Keywords: IPS, EM algorithm, censored and dropped data, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

W. A. Mahyiddin, A. L. A. Mazuki, K. Dimyati, M. Othman, N. Mokhtar, H. Arof [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0749] [Download Citations]
Localization Using Joint AOD and RSS Method in Massive MIMO System

In this research, we propose to estimate location of mobile users by using joint angle of departure (AOD) from base station (BS) and received signal strength (RSS) at user equipment (UE) method. The location estimation (LE) is performed at each UE by using massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system at the BS, which transmits specially design MIMO-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) beamforming signals. Since the estimation is done independently at each UE, the number of UEs in the area does not affect the performance and calculation complexity of the LE. To improve the practicality of the proposed method, we also design the beamforming signals with reduced peak to average power ratio (PAPR) by using random subcarrier-beamforming angle allocation method. The results show that the proposed method generally has lower estimation error than that of the AOD-only and the RSS-only LE methods across various UEs’ locations. The proposed beamforming signal method can also significantly reduce PAPR of the transmitted signal.

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Keywords: Localization, massive MIMO, mobile positioning, OFDM

H. L. Wang, W. Li, H. Wang, J. Y. Xu, J. L. Zhao [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0757] [Download Citations]
Radar Waveform Strategy Based on Game Theory

In this paper, we proposed two waveform design methods based on game theory to address the problem of radar detection performance degradation in electronic warfare. Since radar and jammer are completely hostile, their interaction is modeled as two-person zero-sum game. Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) criterion is used in formulating the utility functions. The existence of Nash equilibrium in games is verified by mathematical derivation. Different game waveform strategies are designed for different information levels of radar and jammer. Iterative water-filling method and two-step water-filling method are designed to achieve Cournot equilibrium and Stackelberg equilibrium, respectively. Simulation results reveal that game strategies can bring higher radar detection performance than No game signal, especially when jammer power is lower than radar power. Radar detection probability based on game theory can be increased by up to 10% without changing the power. This demonstrates game strategies have great potentials for radar waveform design in electronic warfare.

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Keywords: Game theory, waveform strategy, Cournot game, Stackelberg game, Nash equilibrium, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR)

U. K. Singh, V. Bhatia, A. K. Mishra [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0765] [Download Citations]
Small Boat Detection Using OFDM Radar

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based radar systems have recently attracted a lot of research interest. However, demonstration of OFDM radar's capability for target detection using real data is not reported in the open literature. In this work, we demonstrate a method to employ OFDM radar for small boat detection. For this objective, we propose a technique to generate radar return for OFDM waveform using collected radar return data when stepped frequency waveform is transmitted. We, then, derive system model for the estimated radar return data specific to OFDM waveform. Further, a detection test is proposed for the derived signal model and surveillance environment. Close match between the derived analytical expressions and simulation results validates the proposed detector's performance.

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Keywords: OFDM, stepped frequency, radar return, small boat, sea clutter

W. Wang, Z. Hu, P. Huang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0776] [Download Citations]
3-D MIMO Radar Imaging of Ship Target with Rotational Motions

The problem of image defocusing and distortion occurs in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of ship target with rotations. Although many literatures have analyzed this problem, it cannot efficiently be solved due to the coherent accumulation time for SAR target imaging, which results from their working principle and mechanism. In this paper, three-dimensional MIMO radar imaging of ship target with rotations is proposed. The real-time advantage of MIMO radar imaging is utilized to achieve high-precision imaging of ship target with rotations. Firstly, the ship rotations characteristics and imaging distortion effects are analyzed in detail. Then, the three-dimensional real-time MIMO radar echo model is built to correct the scattering positions in time, geometrical analysis is carried out to analyze and optimize the target scattering coefficient variation process. Finally, a sparse imaging algorithm based on maximum a posterior (MAP) method is proposed to obtain accurate imaging result. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the three-dimensional imaging of ship target based on MIMO radar has better imaging accuracy and real-time performance compared with SAR, and can effectively solve the problem of image defocusing and distortion.

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Keywords: Ship rotations, MIMO radar imaging, geometrical analysis, real-time performance

Z. Wei, X. Li, B. Wang, W. Wang, Q. Liu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0785] [Download Citations]
An Efficient Super-Resolution DOA Estimator Based on Grid Learning

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation based on sparse signal reconstruction (SSR) is always vulnerable to off-grid error. To address this issue, an efficient super-resolution DOA estimation algorithm is proposed in this work. Utilizing the Taylor series expansion, the sparse dictionary matrix is constructed under the off-grid model. Then, a polynomial optimization function is established based on the orthogonality principle. By minimizing the given objective function, we derive an efficient closed-form solution of the off-grid errors. Using the estimated off-grid errors, the discretized grid can be iteratively learned and approaches the true DOAs. With the newly learned grid, accurate DOA estimations can be achieved through the SSR scheme. The proposed algorithm converges fast and achieves precise DOA estimations even the step size of the discretized grid is large. The superior performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by the simulation results.

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Keywords: Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, grid learning, sparse signal reconstruction (SSR), off-grid model

M. B. Ucar, D. Yilmaz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0793] [Download Citations]
A New Motion Model Selection Approach for Multi-Model Particle Filters

One of the important factors in real-time tracking of the moving radar targets is the speed of the algorithm. In the multi-model particle filters (MMPFs) which is frequently preferred tracking of such targets, the numbers of particles and motion models are important parameters determining the speed of the filter. Reducing the number of particles and/or the model transitions processes as much as possible will facilitate real-time tracking of moving targets by accelerating the algorithm. In this study, for reducing the time cost of the MMPF, a new approach called weighted statistical model selection (WSMS) which reduces the number of model estimation calculations is proposed. A new basic MMPF algorithm that allows the use of the WSMS approach is also constituted. In order to evaluate the success of the WSMS; the MMPFs integrated with the WSMS, are simulated for different noise variances, particle numbers, and scenarios. The simulation results are compared based on processing time and prediction error criterions. The results demonstrate that the WSMS approach increases the speed of the algorithm by reducing the processing time at high rates without any change in the prediction error and, thus it can be used in real-time tracking of the moving targets.

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Keywords: Multiple maneuvering targets tracking, time cost, target tracking algorithm, model selection.

D. Mitic, A. Lebl, Z. Markov, V. Kosjer [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0801] [Download Citations]
Determination of the Traffic Properties of Cells with Mobile Users Using a Mixed Traffic

This paper presents a two-dimensional Markov traffic model of the mobile users' network where there exist handover calls from the surrounding cells to the considered cell and where, also, primary calls are generated. The two emphasized types of calls form together mixed traffic. The new, two-dimensional model allows us to calculate some characteristic variables for the systems, which may not be determined based on the analysis of one-dimensional model. The developed simulation program is verified comparing the obtained system state probabilities as also primary and handover calls loss rate to the corresponding values from the calculation process. We analyzed cells with a number of channels reserved only for handover calls. This system performances are compared to the performances of some other systems from literature and it is proved that their characteristics are comparable whereby our system improves handover calls dropping rate. It is also proved that users’ speed increase and cell radius decrease cause both primary and, especially, handover calls loss rate increase. The results of calculation and simulation are obtained after a number of iterations (calculation or simulation cycles), where the new loss probability values from one iteration become the input values for the next iteration. In the case that call loss values do not converge during simulation, we implemented the original algorithm for input call loss probability estimation for the next iteration.

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Keywords: Network of mobile users, handover traffic, channel reservation, traffic loss, two-dimensional model