A. D. Raza, S. S. Muhammad [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Bounds on Minimum Energy per Bit for Optical Wireless Relay Channels

An optical wireless relay channel (OWRC) is the classical three node network consisting of source, re- lay and destination nodes with optical wireless connectivity. The channel law is assumed Gaussian. This paper studies the bounds on minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication over an OWRC. It is shown that capacity of an OWRC is concave and energy per bit is monotonically increasing in square of the peak optical signal power, and consequently the minimum energy per bit is inversely pro- portional to the square root of asymptotic capacity at low signal to noise ratio. This has been used to develop upper and lower bound on energy per bit as a function of peak signal power, mean to peak power ratio, and variance of channel noise. The upper and lower bounds on minimum energy per bit derived in this paper correspond respectively to the decode and forward lower bound and the min-max cut upper bound on OWRC capacity

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Keywords: Optical wireless (OW), network information theory (NIT), optical wireless relay channel (OWRC), channel capacity, energy per bit Eb.

M. Komanec, P. Skoda, J. Sistek, T. Martan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Data Transparent and Polarization Insensitive All-Optical Switch based on Fibers with Enhanced Nonlinearity

We have developed a data transparent optical packet switch prototype employing wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing. The switch is composed of an electro-optical control unit and an all-optical switching segment. To achieve higher switching efficiencies, Ge-doped silica suspended-core and chalcogenide arsenicselenide single-mode fibers were experimentally evaluated and compared to conventional highly-nonlinear fiber. Improved connectorization technology has been developed for Ge-doped suspended-core fiber, where we achieved connection losses of 0.9 dB. For the arsenic-selenide fiber we present a novel solid joint technology, with connection losses of only 0.25 dB, which is the lowest value presented up-to-date. Conversion efficiency of -13.7 dB was obtained for the highly-nonlinear fiber, which is in perfect correlation with previously published results and thus verifies the functionality of the prototype. Conversion efficiency of -16.1 dB was obtained with arsenic-selenide fiber length reduced to five meters within simulations, based on measurement results with a 26 m long component. Employment of such a short arsenic-selenide fiber segment allows significant broadening of the wavelength conversion spectral range due to possible neglection of dispersion.

1. TIPSUWANNAKUL, E., LI, J., KARLSSON, M., ANDREKSON, P., Performance comparisons of DP-16QAM and duobinaryshaped DP-QPSK for optical systems with 4.1 bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012, vol. 30, no. 14, p. 2307 - 2314.
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7. NAKANISHI, T., HIRANO, M., OKUNO, T., ONISHI, M. Silicabased highly nonlinear fiber with g =30/W/km and its FWM-based conversion efficiency. In Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. Anaheim (CA, USA), 2006, p. OTuH7.
8. SANGHERA, J. S., SHAW, L. B., PUREZA, P., NGUYEN, V. Q., GIBSON, D., BUSSE, L., AGGARWAL, I. D., FLOREA, C. M., KUNG, F. H. Nonlinear properties of chalcogenide glass fiber. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 2010, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 296 - 308.
9. CHANG, Y.-M., LEE, J., LEE, J. H. Bismuth nonlinear optical fiber for photonic ultrawideband radio- signal processing. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2012, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 891 - 898.
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16. MAGI, E., YEOM, D.-I., NGUYEN, H., FU, L., EGGLETON, B. Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in sub-wavelength diameter As2Se3 chalcogenide fibre tapers. In Proceedings of the Optical Internet 2007 and the 2007 32nd Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (COIN-ACOFT). Melbourne (Australia), 2007, p. 1 - 3.
17. IEEE Standard for Information technology- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks- Specific requirements Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 4: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers and Management Parameters for 10 Gb/s Operation. IEEE Std 802.3ae. IEEE, 2002.
18. IEEE Standard for Information technology- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks- Specific requirements Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 4: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layersand Management Parameters for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Operation. IEEE Std 802.3ba. IEEE, 2010.
19. YU, C., PAN, Z., WANG, Y., SONG, Y., GURKAN, D., HAUER, M., WILLNER, A., STARODUBOV, D. Polarization insensitive four-wave mixing wavelength conversion using a fiber Bragg grating and a Faraday rotator mirror. In Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC). 2003, p. 347 - 349.
20. SAKAMOTO, T., SEO, K., TAIRA, K., MOON, N. S., KIKUCHI, K. Polarization-insensitive all-optical time division demultiplexing using a fiber four-wave mixer with a peak-holding optical phaselocked loop. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2004, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 563 - 565.
21. HU, H., MULVAD, H., GALILI, M., PALUSHANI, E., XU, J., CLAUSSEN, A., OXENLOWE, L., JEPPESEN, P. Polarizationinsensitive 640 Gb/s demultiplexing based on four wave mixing in a polarization-maintaining fibre loop. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2010, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 1789 - 1795.
22. MOSSADEGH, R., SANGHERA, J. S., SCHAAFSMA, D., COLE, B. J., NGUYEN, V. Q., MIKLOS, R. E., AGGARWAL, I. D. Fabrication of single-mode chalcogenide optical fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1998, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 214.
23. ELSCHNER, R., BUNGE, C. A., HUTTL, B., I COCA, A., SCHMIDT-LANGHORST, C., LUDWIG, R., SCHUBERT, C., PETERMANN, K. Impact of pump-phase modulation on FWM-based wavelength conversion of D(Q)PSK signals. IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2008, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 666 - 673.
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Keywords: All-optical networks, optical switching, wavelength conversion, four-wave mixing, chalcogenide fibers

V. Prajzler, P. Nekvindova, P. Hyps, O. Lyutakov, V. Jerabek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Flexible Polymer Planar Optical Waveguides

We report about design, fabrication and properties of flexible polymer optical planar waveguides made of Epoxy Novolak Resin as planar waveguides deposited on various foil substrates. The design of the presented planar waveguides was realized on the bases of modified dispersion equation and was schemed for 633 nm, 850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelength. Propagation optical loss measurements were done by the fibre probe technique at wavelegnth 633 nm (He-Ne laser) and samples have optical losses lower than 2 dB/cm. Unlike the up-to-now presented structures our constructin is fully flexible what makes it possible to be used in innovative photonics structures.

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9. LYUTAKOV, O., TUMA, J., PRAJZLER, V., HUTTEL, I., HNATOWICZ, V., SVORCIK, V. Preparation of rib channel waveguides on polymer in electric field. Thin Solid Films, 2010, vol. 519, no. 4, p. 1452–1457.
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Keywords: Optical planar flexible waveguide, polymer, epoxy Novolak resin,

A. A. Kucharski [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Modeling of Luneburg Lenses With the Use of Integral Equation Macromodels

The so-called integral equation macromodel allowing to efficiently include Luneburg lens in the body-of-revolution method-of-moments (BoR-MoM) computational scheme is described. In the process of the macromodel construction, we make use of the equivalence-principle domain-decomposition-method (EP-DDM) and the asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) method. By the use of the macromodel, the number of unknowns in the final system of equations is reduced to those describing sources on the equivalent surface surrounding the lens. Moreover, thanks to the macromodel being valid in a certain frequency interval, the domain decomposition procedure does not have to be repeated for every frequency of interest, but it should only be done in some specified frequency points. However, the range of validity of the macromodel should be carefully investigated on the basis of full radiation pattern rather than on the basis of a single direction of observation.

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Keywords: Method of moments, macromodel, Luneburg lens

M. İlarslan, S. Demirel, H. Torpi, A. K. Keskin, M. F. Çağlar [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Optimization of Filter by using Support Vector Regression Machine with Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Herein, a new methodology using a 3D Electromagnetic (EM) simulator-based Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM) models of base elements is presented for band-pass filter (BPF) design. SVRM models of elements, which are as fast as analytical equations and as accurate as a 3D EM simulator, are employed in a simple and efficient Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to optimize an ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip BPF. CSA performance is verified by comparing it with other Meta-Heuristics such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). As an example of the proposed design methodology, an UWB BPF that operates between the frequencies of 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz is designed, fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results indicate in conclusion the superior performance of this optimization methodology in terms of improved filter response characteristics like return loss, insertion loss, harmonic suppression and group delay.

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11. NAGHSHVARIAN JAHROMI, M., TAYARANI, M. Miniature planar UWB bandpass filters with circular slots in ground. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, 2008, vol. 3, p. 87–93.
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13. ZHU, Y. Z., XIE, Y. J. Novel microstrip bandpass filters with transmission zeros. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 2007, vol. 77, p. 29–41.
14. VAPNIK, V. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
15. TOKAN, N. T., GUNEŞ, F. Knowledge-based support vector synthesis of the microstrip lines. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 92, 2009, p. 65–77.
16. GUNEŞ, F., TOKAN, N. T., GURGEN, F. A knowledge-based support vector synthesis of the transmission lines for use in microwave integrated circuits. Expert Systems with Applications, 2010, vol. 37, p. 3302–3309.
17. YANG, X. S., DEB, S. Cuckoo search via Levy flights. In Proc. of World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing. USA, 2009, p. 210–214.
18. YANG, X. S., DEB, S. Engineering optimisation by cuckoo search. Int. J. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Optimisation, 2010, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 330–343.
19. KHODIER, M. Optimisation of antenna arrays using the cuckoo search algorithm. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2013, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 458–464.
20. LAYEB, A. Hybrid quantum scatter search algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems. Journal of Annals. Computer Science Series, 2010, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 227–244.
21. KUMAR, A., CHAKARVERTY, S. Design optimization for reliable embedded system using Cuckoo Search. In 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology. 2011, p. 264–268.
22. LAYEB, A. A novel quantum inspired cuckoo search for Knapsack. International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation, 2011, vol. 3, no. 5.
23. NOGHREHABADI, A., GHALAMBAZ, M., GHALAMBAZ, M., VOSOUGH, A. A hybrid Power Series – Cuckoo Search Optimization Algorithm to electrostatic deflection of micro fixedfixed actuators. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering, July 2011, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 22–26.
24. NAJMY, K., RANI, A., FAREQ, M., MALEK, A., SIEW-CHIN, N. Nature-inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm for side lobe suppression in a symmetric linear antenna array. Radioengineering, September 2012, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 865–874.
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Keywords: Cuckoo Search Algorithm, optimization, ultra-wideband, band-pass filter, Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM)

H. Guo, C. J. Guo, J. Ding [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Pattern Synthesis of Dual-band Shared Aperture Interleaved Linear Antenna Arrays

This paper presents an approach to improve the efficiency of an array aperture by interleaving two different arrays in the same aperture area. Two sub-arrays working at different frequencies are interleaved in the same linear aperture area. The available aperture area is efficiently used. The element positions of antenna array are optimized by using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) to reduce the peak side lobe level (PSLL) of the radiation pattern. To overcome the shortness of traditional methods which can only fulfill the design of shared aperture antenna array working at the same frequency, this method can achieve the design of dual-band antenna array with wide working frequency range. Simulation results show that the proposed method is feasible and efficient in the synthesis of dual-band shared aperture antenna array.

1. COMAN, C. I., LAGER, I. E., LIGHART, L. P. The design of shared aperture antennas consisting of differently sized elements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2006, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 376–383.
2. HAUPT, R. L. Interleaved thinned linear arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2005, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 2858–2864.
3. LAGER, I. E., TRAMPUZ, C., SIMEONI, M., LIGHART, L. P. Interleaved array antennas for FMCW radar applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, vol. 57, no. 8, p. 2486–2490.
4. SANCHEZ-BARBETTY, M., JACKSON, R. W., FRASIER, S. Interleaved sparse arrays for polarization control of electronically steered phased arrays for meteorological applications. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, vol. 50, no. 4, p. 1283–1290.
5. DU PLESSIS, W. P., KITCHING, C., BIN GHANNAM, A. Element sharing in interleaved antenna arrays. In Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation. Prague (Czech Republic), 2012, p. 2230–2234.
6. OLIVERI, G., MASSA, A. Fully interleaved linear arrays with predictable sidelobes based on almost difference sets. IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 649–661.
7. ROY, G. G., DAS, S., CHAKRABORTY, P., SUGANTHAN, P.N. Design of non-uniform circular antenna arrays using a modified invasive weed optimization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2011, vol. 59, no.1, p. 110–118.
8. SEDIGHY, S. H., MALLAHZADEH, A. R., SOLEIMANI, M., RASHED-MOHASSEL, J. Optimization of printed Yagi antenna using invasive weed optimization (IWO). IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 9, p. 1275–1278.
9. KARIMKASHI, S., KISHK, A. A. Invasive weed optimization and its features in electromagnetics. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2010, vol. 58, no. 4, p. 1269–1278.
10. CHEN, K. -S., HE, Z. -S., HAN, C. -L. A modified real GA for the sparse linear array synthesis with multiple constraints. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2006, vol. 54, no. 7, p. 2169–2173.
11. MEHRABIAN, A. R., LUCAS, C. A novel numerical optimization algorithm inspired from weed colonization. Ecological Informatics, 2006, vol. 1, p. 355–366.

Keywords: Pattern synthesis, linear arrays, dual-band, shared aperture, Invasive Weed Optimization

I. H. Idris, M. R. Hamid, M. H. Jamaluddin, M. K. A. Rahim, J. R. Kelly, H. A. Majid [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Single-, Dual- and Triple-band Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna

The paper presents a frequency reconfigurable slot dipole antenna. The antenna is capable of being switched between single-band, dual-band or triple-band operation. The antenna incorporates three pairs of pin-diodes which are located within the dipole arms. The antenna was designed to operate at 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz using the aid of CST Microwave Studio. The average measured gains are 1.54, 2.92 and 1.89 dBi for low, mid and high band respectively. A prototype was then constructed in order to verify the performance of the device. A good level of agreement was observed between simulation and measurement.

1. MANTEUFFEL, D., ARNOLD, M., UHLIG, P. Considerations on configurable multi-standard antennas for mobile terminals realized in LTCC technology. Radioengineering, December 2009, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 395–401.
2. CHAKER, H., MERIAH, S. M., BENDIMERAD, F. T. Optimization of micro strip array antennas using hybrid particle swarm optimizer with breeding and subpopulation for maximum side-lobe reduction. Radioengineering, December 2008, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 39–44.
3. YANG, S., ZHANG, C., PAN, H. K. Frequency-reconfigurable antennas for multiradio wireless platforms. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2009, vol. 10, p. 66–83.
4. JOSEPH, S., PAUL, B., MRIDULA, S., MOHANAN, P. A novel planar fractal antenna with CPW-feed for multiband applications. Radioengineering, December 2013, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 1262–1266.
5. LI, Y., ZHANG, Z., FENG, Z., ISKANDER, M. F. Design of penta-band omnidirectional slot antenna with slender columnar structure. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2014, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 594–601.
6. NASER-MOGHADASI, M., SADEGHZADEH, R. A., FAKHERI, M., ARIBI, T., VIRDEE, B. S. Miniature hook-shaped multiband antenna for mobile applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2012, vol. 11, p. 1096–1099.
7. YEOM, I., CHOI, J., KWOUN, S.-S., LEE, B., JUNG, C. Analysis of RF front-end performance of reconfigurable antennas with RF switches in the far field. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2014, vol. 2014, article ID 385730, p. 1–14.
8. MAJID, H. A., RAHIM, M. K. A., HAMID, M. R., ISMAIL, M. F. A compact frequency-reconfigurable narrowband microstrip slot antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2012, vol. 11, p. 616–619.
9. HAMID, M. R., GARDNER, P., HALL, P. S., GHANEM, F. Switched-band Vivaldi antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2011, vol. 59, no. 5, p. 1472–1480.
10. ABUTARBOUSH, H. F., NILAVALAN, R., NASR, K. M., ALRAWESHIDY, H. S., BUDIMIR, D. Widely tunable multiband reconfigurable patch antenna for wireless applications. In Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). Barcelona (Spain), 2010, p. 1–3.
11. BEMANI, M., NIKMEHR, S. A novel reconfigurable multiband slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide using radio frequency microelectro-mechanical system switches. IEEE Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2011, vol. 53, p. 751–757.
12. SHAGATI, A. P., AZARMANESH, M., ZAKER, R. A novel switchable single- and multifrequency triple-slot antenna for 2.4-GHz Bluetooth, 3.5-GHz WiMAX, and 5.8-GHz WLAN. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2010, vol. 9, p. 534–537.
13. PAN, Y., LIU, K., HOU, Z. A novel printed microstrip antenna with frequency reconfigurable characteristics for Bluetooth/ WLAN/ WiMAX applications. IEEE Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2013, vol. 55, p. 1341–1345.
14. CHEN, S.-Y., CHEN, Y.-C., HSU, P. CPW-fed aperture-coupled slot dipole antenna for tri-band operation. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2008, vol. 7, p. 535–537.
15. BAR50-02V, http://www.infineon.com/
16. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite. ver. 2013, CST AG, www.cst.com

Keywords: Frequency reconfigurable antenna, slot antenna.

Zhiyuan Zhao, Jiang Chen, Lin Yang, Kunhe Chen [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Three-Pole Tunable Filters with High Rejection using Mixed Quarter-Lambda and Asymmetric Half-Lambda Resonators

A novel three-pole tunable bandpass filter using varactor-loaded quarter-wavelength combline and asym-metric half-wavelength resonators is proposed in this paper. A nearly constant 3-dB absolute bandwidth is 150 ± 13 MHz (10.7%~6.9% fractional bandwidth) within the tuning range of 1.4-2.0 GHz (42.8%). The filter is designed on a Rogers substrate with relative permittivity 2.2 and h=1 mm with its insertion loss varying from 3.6 dB to 2.8 dB and return loss better than 10 dB over the entire tuning range. The creation of two transmission zeros near the passband edges is analyzed by the even-odd-method. By using dissimilar resonators, the proposed tunable filter could obtain > 33 dB rejection levels at the second harmonics. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones.

1. WONG, P. W., HUNTER, I. C. Electronically tunable filters. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2009, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 46–54.
2. HONG, J. S. Reconfigurable planar filters. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2009, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 73–83.
3. REBEIZ, G. M., REINES, I. C., EL-TANANI, M. A., ET AL. Tuning in to RF MEMS. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2009, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 55–72.
4. HUNTER, I. C., RHODES, J. D. Electronically tunable microwave bandpass filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1982, vol. 30, no. 9, p. 1354–1360.
5. TORREGROSA-PENALVA, G., LOPEZ-RISUENO, G., ALONSO, J. I. A simple method to design wide-band electronically tunable combline filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2002, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 172–177.
6. SANCHEZ-RENEDO, M. High-selectivity tunable planar combline filter with source/load-multiresonator Coupling. IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letter, 2007, vol. 17, no. 7.
7. CHIOU, Y. C., REBEIZ, G. M. A quasi elliptic function 1.75-2.25 GHz 3-pole bandpass filter with bandwidth control. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012, vol. 60, no. 2, p. 244–249.
8. EL-TANANI, M. A., REBEIZ, G. M. A two-pole two-zero tunable filter with improved linearity. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2009, vol. 57, no. 4, p. 830–839.
9. ZHANG, X. Y., XUE, Q., CHAN, C. H., ET AL. Low-loss frequency-agile bandpass filters with controllable bandwidth and suppressed second harmonic. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2010, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 1557–1564.
10. PARK, S. J., REBEIZ, G. M. Low-loss two-pole tunable filters with three different predefined bandwidth characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2008, vol. 56, no. 5, p. 1137–1148.
11. MATTHAEI, G. L., YOUNG, L., JONES, E. M. T. Microwave Filters Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1980.
12. GUYETTE, A. C. Alternative architectures for narrowband varactor- tuned bandpass filters. In Proceedings of the 39th European Microwave Conference. Rome (Italy), 2009, p. 1828–1831.
13. HONG, J. S., LANCASTER, M. J. Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications. New York: Wiley, 2001.
14. BROWN, A. R., REBEIZ, G. M. A varactor tuned RF filter. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2000, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1157–1160.
15. LI, Y. C., ZHANG, X. Y., XUE, Q. Bandpass filter using discriminating coupling for extended out-of-band suppression. IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letter, 2010, vol. 20, no. 7, p. 369–371.

Keywords: Three-pole tunable filters, combline resonators, modified combline resonators, constant absolute bandwidth (CABW), transmission zeros (TZs), varactor-tuned.

R. Vehovsky, M. Pokorny, K. Pitra [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
User Hand Influence on Properties of a Dual-Band PIFA Antenna

This paper deals with the user hand influence on impedance matching and radiation pattern of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). In the text, the PIFA structure is discussed in order to achieve broadband and multiband capability. Then, the dual-band PIFA antenna for operation at frequencies of GSM900 and GSM1800 systems is designed. In the next step we investigate the user influence in data mode (the user is typing a message or browsing with a phone). For this purpose the phantom hand was made from an agar based material. The first author’s right hand was used as a template for the phantom. Numerical model was created by 3D scanning of the fabricated phantom. Finally, the comparison of the differences between simulations and measurement is presented.

1. SAROLIC, A., SENIC, D., et al. Influence of human head and hand on PIFA antenna matching properties and SAR. In 19th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 2011.
2. LI, C. H., OFLI, E., CHAVANNES, N., KUSTE, N. Effects of hand phantom on mobile phone antenna performance. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, vol. 57, no. 9, p. 2763–2770.
3. DAVOODI, D., SHARIFZAD, S. A Numerical study of the interaction between handset antennas and human head/hand in GSM 900, DCS, PCS and UMTS frequency bands. In Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. Proc. China, 2010, p. 733–737.
4. BOYLE, K., YUN, Y., LIGHTHART, L. Analysis of mobile phone antenna impedance variations with user proximity. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2007, vol. 55, p. 364–372.
5. ZAJICEK, R., OPPL, L., VRBA, J. Broadband measurement of complex permittivity using reflection method and coaxial probes. Radioengineering, 2008, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 14–19.
6. ZHANG, Zhijun. Antenna Design for Mobile Devices. 1st. ed. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 978-0-470-82446-7.
7. Lukopren N products. [Online] Cited 2013-05-14. Available at: http://www.lucebni.cz/en/Produkty/Lukopren%20N.
8. GABRIEL, C. Tissue equivalent material for hand phantoms. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007, vol. 52, p. 4205–4210.

Keywords: Dual-band antenna, PIFA, user influence, human tissue, phantom hand.

Yee Hui Lee, Feng Dong, Yu Song Meng [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Near Sea-Surface Mobile Radiowave Propagation at 5 GHz: Measurements and Modeling

Near sea-surface line-of-sight (LoS) radiowave propagation at 5 GHz was investigated through narrowband measurements in this paper. Results of the received signal strength with a transmission distance of up to 10 km were examined against free space loss model and 2-ray path loss model. The experimental results have good agreements with the predicted values using the 2-ray model. However, the prediction ability of 2-ray model becomes poor when the propagation distance increases. Our results and analysis show that an evaporation duct layer exists and therefore, a 3-ray path loss model, taking into consideration both the reflection from sea surface and the refraction caused by evaporation duct could predict well the trend of LoS signal strength variations at relatively large propagation distances in a tropical maritime environment.

1. INOUE, T., AKIYAMA, T. Propagation characteristics on line-ofsight over-sea paths in Japan. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1974, vol. AP-22, no. 4, p. 557 - 565.
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15. ITU-R P.453-10. The Radio Refractive Index: Its Formula and Refractivity Data. Geneva (Switzerland): International Telecommunication Union, 2012.
16. LEE, Y. H., DONG, F., MENG, Y. S. Stand-off distances for nonline- of-sight maritime mobile applications in 5 GHz band. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2013, vol. 54, p. 321 - 336.
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19. ZHAO, X., HUANG, S. Influence of sea surface roughness on the electromagnetic wave propagation in the duct environment. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 601 - 605.
20. GUNASHEKAR, S. D., SIDDLE, D. R., WARRINGTON, E. M. Transhorizon radiowave propagation due to evaporation ducting. Resonance, 2006, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 51 - 62.
21. ITU-R P.452-14. Prediction Procedure for the Evaluation of Interference between Stations on the Surface of the Earth at Frequencies above About 0.1 GHz. Geneva (Switzerland): International Telecommunication Union, 2009.
22. KERANS, A., KULESSA, A. S., LENSSON, E., FRENCH, G., WOODS, G. S. Implications of the evaporation duct for microwave radio path design over tropical oceans in Northern Australia. In Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on the Applications of Radio Science. Leura (Australia), 2002.
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Keywords: Channel modeling, evaporation duct, maritime mobile, path loss prediction, sea reflection

Y.J. Li, Y.S. Wei, R.Q. Xu, T.Q. Chu, Z.Q. Wang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Space-time Characteristics and Experimental Analysis of Broadening First-order Sea Clutter in HF Hybrid Sky-surface Wave Radar

In high frequency (HF) hybrid sky-surface wave radar, the first-order sea clutter broadening is very complex and serious under the influence of ionosphere and bistatic angle, which affects the detection of ship target. This paper analyzes the space-time characteristics based on the HF sky-surface wave experimental system. We first introduce the basic structure, working principle and position principle based on our experimental system. Also analyzed is the influence of ionosphere and bistatic angle on the space-time coupling characteristics of broadening first-order sea clutter and the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP). Finally, the results of theoretic analysis are examined with the experimental data. Simulation results show that the results of experiment consist with that of theoretic analysis.

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8. ZHIXIN ZHAO, XIANRONG WAN, DELEI ZHANG, FENG CHENG An experimental study of HF passive bistatic radar via hybrid sky-surface wave mode. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2013, vol. 61, no. 1, p. 415-424.
9. YAJUN LI, YINSHENG WEI Analysis of first-order sea clutter spectrum characteristics for HF sky-surface wave radar. In 2013 International Conference on Radar. Adelaide (Australia), 9-12 September 2013, p. 368–373.
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Keywords: Space-time characteristics of first-order sea clutter, bistatic angle, ionosphere, STAP, HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar

Yongping Song,Tian Jin, Biying Lu, Jun Hu, Zhimin Zhou [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Extended Virtual Aperture Imaging Model for Through-the-wall Sensing and Its Environmental Parameters Estimation

Through-the-wall imaging (TWI) radar has been given increasing attention in recent years. However, prior knowledge about environmental parameters, such as wall thickness and dielectric constant, and the standoff distance between an array and a wall, is generally unavailable in real applications. Thus, targets behind the wall suffer from defocusing and displacement under the conventional imag¬ing operations. To solve this problem, in this paper, we first set up an extended imaging model of a virtual aperture obtained by a multiple-input-multiple-output array, which considers the array position to the wall and thus is more applicable for real situations. Then, we present a method to estimate the environmental parameters to calibrate the TWI, without multiple measurements or dominant scatter¬ers behind-the-wall to assist. Simulation and field experi¬ments were performed to illustrate the validity of the pro¬posed imaging model and the environmental parameters estimation method.

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Keywords: Through-the-wall radar, environmental parameter estimation, virtual aperture, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)

P. Lopez Iturri, L. Azpilicueta, J.A. Nazabal, C. Fernandez-Valdivielso, J. Soret, F. Falcone [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis of Energy Consumption Performance towards Optimal Radioplanning of Wireless Sensor Networks in Heterogeneous Indoor Environments

In this paper the impact of complex indoor environment in the deployment and energy consumption of a wireless sensor network infrastructure is analyzed. The variable nature of the radio channel is analyzed by means of deterministic in-house 3D ray launching simulation of an indoor scenario, in which wireless sensors, based on an in-house CyFi implementation, typically used for environmental monitoring, are located. Received signal power and current consumption measurement results of the in-house designed wireless motes have been obtained, stating that adequate consideration of the network topology and morphology lead to optimal performance and power consumption reduction. The use of radioplanning techniques therefore aid in the deployment of more energy efficient elements, optimizing the overall performance of the variety of deployed wireless systems within the indoor scenario.

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Keywords: Radioplanning, Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy consumption, ray launching, CyFi.

X. Yu, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Zhu, X. Yin, K. Qian [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Performance of Cross-layer Design with Multiple Outdated Estimates in Multiuser MIMO System

By combining adaptive modulation (AM) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol as well as user scheduling, the cross-layer design scheme of multiuser MIMO system with imperfect feedback is presented, and multiple outdated estimates method is proposed to improve the system performance. Based on this method and imperfect feedback information, the closed-form expressions of spectral efficiency (SE) and packet error rate (PER) of the system subject to the target PER constraint are respectively derived. With these expressions, the system performance can be effectively evaluated. To mitigate the effect of delayed feedback, the variable thresholds (VTs) are also derived by means of the maximum a posteriori method, and these VTs include the conventional fixed thresholds (FTs) as special cases. Simulation results show that the theoretical SE and PER are in good agreement with the corresponding simulation. The proposed CLD scheme with multiple estimates can obtain higher SE than the existing CLD scheme with single estimate, especially for large delay. Moreover, the CLD scheme with VTs outperforms that with conventional FTs.

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Keywords: Multiuser MIMO, cross-layer design, imperfect feedback, multiple estimates, variable thresholds.

F. Genc, M. A. Resat, A. Savascihabes, O. Ertug [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
On the Comparative Performance Analysis of Turbo-Coded Non-Ideal Sigle-Carrier and Multi-Carrier Waveforms over Wideband Vogler-Hoffmeyer HF Channels

The purpose of this paper is to compare the turbo-coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and turbo-coded Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) systems under the effects of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), Symbol Timing Offset (STO) and phase noise in wide-band Vogler-Hoffmeyer HF channel model. In mobile communication systems multi-path propagation occurs. Therefore channel estimation and equalization is additionally necessary. Furthermore a non-ideal local oscillator generally is misaligned with the operating frequency at the receiver. This causes carrier frequency offset. Hence in coded SC-FDE and coded OFDM systems; a very efficient, low complex frequency domain channel estimation and equalization is implemented in this paper. Also Cyclic Prefix (CP) based synchronization synchronizes the clock and carrier frequency offset.The simulations show that non-ideal turbo-coded OFDM has better performance with greater diversity than non-ideal turbo-coded SC-FDE system in HF channel.

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Keywords: SC-FDE, OFDM, DFT-based Channel Estimation, ML Synchronization, HF Channel.

M. Huang, B. B. Li [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Research on Channel Estimation and OFDM Signals Detection in Rapidly Time-Variant Channels

It is well known that iterative channel estimation and OFDM signals detection can significantly improve the performance of communication system. However, its performance is poor due to the modelling error of basis expansion model (BEM) being large enough and can not being ignored in rapidly time-variant channels. In this paper, channel estimation and OFDM signals detection are integrated into a real non-linear least squares (NLS) problem. Then the modified Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (MBFGS) algorithm is adopted to search the optimal solution. In addition, Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for our proposed approach is derived. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach.

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Keywords: Channel estimation, OFDM signals detection, a real NLS problem, MBFGS, CRB.

Bing Li, B. M. Bai [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Low Complexity Noncoherent Iterative Detector for Continuous Phase Modulation Systems

This paper focuses on the noncoherent iterative detection of continuous phase modulation. A class of simplified receivers based on Principal-Component-Analysis (PCA) and Exponential-Window (EW) is developed. The proposed receiver is evaluated in terms of minimum achievable Euclidean distance, simulated bit error rate and achievable capacity. The performance of the proposed receiver is discussed in the context of mismatched receiver and the equivalent Euclidean distance is derived. Analysis and numerical results reveal that the proposed algorithm can approach the coherent performance and outperforms existing algorithm in terms of complexity and performance. It is shown that the proposed receiver can significantly reduce the detection complexity while the performance is comparable with existing algorithms.

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Keywords: Continuous phase modulation, noncoherent iterative detection, time-varying phase noise, serially concatenated systems, minimum achievable distance, principal component analysis, mismatched receiver, wireless communication

M. Z. H. Bhuiyan, H. Kuusniemi, S. Soderholm, E. Airos [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
The Impact of Interference on GNSS Receiver Observables – A Running Digital Sum Based Simple Jammer Detector

A GNSS-based navigation system relies on externally received information via a space-based Radio Frequency (RF) link. This poses susceptibility to RF Interference (RFI) and may initiate failure states ranging from degraded navigation accuracy to a complete signal loss condition. To guarantee the integrity of the received GNSS signal, the receiver should either be able to function in the presence of RFI without generating misleading information (i.e., offering a navigation solution within an accuracy limit), or the receiver must detect RFI so that some other means could be used as a countermeasure in order to ensure robust and accurate navigation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify an interference occurrence and not to confuse it with other signal conditions, for example, indoor or deep urban canyon, both of which have somewhat similar impact on the navigation performance. Hence, in this paper, the objective is to investigate the effect of interference on different GNSS receiver observables in two different environments: i. an interference scenario with an inexpensive car jammer, and ii. an outdoor-indoor scenario without any intentional interference. The investigated observables include the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) measurements, the digitized IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal levels, the Delay Locked Loop and the Phase Locked Loop discriminator variances, and the Carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) measurements. The behavioral pattern of these receiver observables is perceived in these two different scenarios in order to comprehend which of those observables would be able to separate an interference situation from an indoor scenario, since in both the cases, the resulting positioning accuracy and/or availability are affected somewhat similarly. A new Running Digital Sum (RDS) -based interference detection method is also proposed herein that can be used as an alternate to AGC-based interference detection. It is shown in this paper that it is not at all wise to consider certain receiver observables for interference detection (i.e., C/N0); rather it is beneficial to utilize certain specific observables, such as the RDS of raw digitized signal levels or the AGC-based observables that can uniquely identify a critical malicious interference occurrence.

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Keywords: GNSS, jamming, in-car jammer, interference detection, receiver observables

A. Lamecki [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Systematic Search for New Coupling Schemes of Cross-Coupled Resonator Bandpass Filters

In this paper, a systematic approach to an extensive search for topologies of cross-coupled filters with generalized Chebyshev response is presented. The technique applies graph theory to find unique, nonisomorphic filter configurations, and tests whether a specific frequency response can be realized in a given set of topologies. The results of the search are then stored in a database of possible filter configurations.

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Keywords: microwave filters, bandpass filter, coupling matrix, generalized Chebyshev response

W. Jaikla, D. Biolek, S. Siripongdee, J. Bajer [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
High Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Biquad Filter Using VD-DIBAs

This paper deals with a single-input multiple-output biquadratic filter providing three functions (low-pass, high-pass and band-pass) based on voltage differencing differential input buffered amplifier (VD-DIBA). The quality factor and pole frequency can be electronically tuned via the bias current. The proposed circuit uses two VD-DIBAs and two grounded capacitors without any external resistors, which is suitable to further develop into an integrated circuit. Moreover, the circuit possesses high input impedance, providing easy voltage-mode cascading. It is shown that the filter structure can be easily extended to multi-input filter without any additional components, providing also all-pass and band-reject properties. The PSPICE simulation and experimental results are included, verifying the key characteristics of the proposed filter. The given results agree well with the theoretical presumptions.

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Keywords: Analog filter, VD-DIBA, voltage-mode, single input-multiple output

V. Niranjan, A. Kumar, S. B. Jain [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Maximum Bandwidth Enhancement of Current Mirror using Series-Resistor and Dynamic Body Bias Technique

This paper introduces a new approach for enhancing the bandwidth of a low voltage CMOS current mirror. The proposed approach is based on utilizing body effect in a MOS transistor by connecting its gate and bulk terminals together for signal input. This results in boosting the effective transconductance of MOS transistor along with reduction of the threshold voltage. The proposed approach does not affect the DC gain of the current mirror. We demonstrate that the proposed approach features compatibility with widely used series-resistor technique for enhancing the current mirror bandwidth and both techniques have been employed simultaneously for maximum bandwidth enhancement. An important consequence of using both techniques simultaneously is the reduction of the series-resistor value for achieving the same bandwidth. This reduction in value is very attractive because a smaller resistor results in smaller chip area and less noise. PSpice simulation results using 180 nm CMOS technology from TSMC are included to prove the unique results. The proposed current mirror operates at 1Volt consuming only 102 µW and maximum bandwidth extension ratio of 1.85 has been obtained using the proposed approach. Simulation results are in good agreement with analytical predictions.

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Keywords: Body effect, dynamic body bias, cascode current mirror, low voltage, high bandwidth, low power

D. Arbet, G. Nagy, V. Stopjakova, M. Kovac [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Digital Offset Calibration of an OPAMP Towards Improving Static Parameters of 90 nm CMOS DAC

In this paper, an on-chip self-calibrated 8-bit R-2R digital-to-analog converter (DAC) based on digitally compensated input offset of the operational amplifier (OPAMP) is presented. To improve the overall DAC performance, a digital offset cancellation method was used to compensate deviations in the input offset voltage of the OPAMP caused by process variations. The whole DAC as well as offset compensation circuitry were designed in a standard 90 nm CMOS process. The achieved results show that after the self-calibration process, the improvement of 48% in the value of DAC offset error is achieved.

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21. CIOFI, C., SCANDURRA, G., CAMPOBELLO, G., CANNATA, G. On the calibration of AD and DA converters based on R/bR ladder networks. In 13th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS). 2006, p. 958 - 961.
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Keywords: self-calibration, digital to analog converter, input offset voltage trimming

X. Mu, J. Yu, S. Wang [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Modeling the Flux-Charge Relation of Memristor with Neural Network of Smooth Hinge Functions

The memristor was proposed to characterize the flux-charge relation. We propose the generalized flux-charge relation model of memristor with neural network of smooth hinge functions. There is effective identification algorithm for the neural network of smooth hinge functions. The representation capability of this model is theoretically guaranteed. Any functional flux-charge relation of a memristor can be approximated by the model. We also give application examples to show that the given model can approximate the flux-charge relation of existing piecewise linear memristor model, window function memristor model, and a physical memristor device.

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19. BIOLEK, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA´ , V. Analytical solution of circuits employing voltage- and current- excited memristors. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2012, vol. 59, no. 11, p. 2619 - 2628.
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21. YU, J., MU, X., XI, X, WANG, S. A memristor model with piecewise window function. Radioengineering, 2013, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 969 - 974.

Keywords: Memristor, mathematical model, smooth hinge function, neural network

M. E. Fouda, A. G. Radwan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Simple Floating Voltage-Controlled Memductor Emulator for Analog Applications

The topic of memristive circuits is a novel topic in circuit theory that has become of great importance due to its unique behavior which is useful in different applications. But since there is a lack of memristor samples, a memristor emulator is used instead of a solid state memristor. In this paper, a new simple floating voltage-controlled memductor emulator is introduced which is implemented using commercial off the shelf (COTS) realization. The mathematical modeling of the proposed circuit is derived to match the theoretical model. The proposed circuit is tested experimentally using different excitation signals such as sinusoidal, square, and triangular waves showing an excellent matching with previously reported simulations.

1. CHUA, L. Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 507 - 519.
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4. STRUKOV, D., SNIDER, G., STEWART, D., WILLIAMS, R. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol. 453, p. 80 - 83.
5. ESHRAGHIAN, K., CHO, K., KAVEHEI, O., KANG, S., ABBOTT, D., KANG, S. Memristor MOS content addressable memory (MCAM): Hybrid architecture for future high performance. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2011, vol. 19, no. 8, p. 1407 - 1417.
6. VONTOBEL, P., ROBINETT, W., KUEKES, P., STEWART, D., STRAZNICKY, J., WILLIAMS, R. Writing to and reading from a nano-scale crossbar memory based on memristors. Nanotechnology, 2009, vol. 20, no. 42, p. 425204.
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8. SHIN, S., KIM, K., KANG, S. Memristor applications for programmable analog ICs. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 2011, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 266 - 274.
9. XIA, Q., ROBINETT, W., CUMBIE, M., BANERJEE, N., CARDINALI, T., YANG, J., WU, W., LI, X., TONG, W., STRUKOV, D., et al. Memristor CMOS hybrid integrated circuits for reconfigurable logic. Nano Letters, 2009, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 3640 - 3645.
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12. FOUDA, M. E., KHATIB, M., MOSAD, A., RADWAN, A. Generalized analysis of symmetric and asymmetric memristive two-gate relaxation oscillators. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2013, vol. 60, no. 10, p. 2701 - 2708.
13. FOUDA, M., RADWAN, A. Memristor-based voltage-controlled relaxation oscillators. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2013, DOI: 10.1002/cta.1907.
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Keywords: Memristor, memductor, mem-element, memristive circuits, emulator, mutator

N. Stojanovic, N. Stamenkovic, V. Stojanovic [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
All-Pole Recursive Digital Filters Design Based on Ultraspherical Polynomials

A simple method for approximation of all-pole recursive digital filters, directly in digital domain, is described. Transfer function of these filters, referred to as Ultraspherical filters, is controlled by order of the Ultraspherical polynomial, nu. Parameter nu, restricted to be a nonnegative real number (nu ≥ 0), controls ripple peaks in the passband of the magnitude response and enables a trade-off between the passband loss and the group delay response of the resulting filter. Chebyshev filters of the first and of the second kind, and also Legendre and Butterworth filters are shown to be special cases of these allpole recursive digital filters. Closed form equations for the computation of the filter coefficients are provided. The design technique is illustrated with examples.

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Keywords: All-pole IIR filter, lowpass filtes, highpass filters, ultraspherical filter, approximation theory

S. Kupchan, M. Pinchas [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Closed-Form Approximated Expression for the Residual ISI Obtained by Blind Adaptive Equalizers with Gain Equal or Less than One

In this paper we propose for the real and two independent quadrature carrier case, a closed-form approximated expression for the achievable residual Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) that depends on the step-size parameter, equalizer’s tap length, equalized output gain, input signal statistics, channel power and SNR. This expression is valid for blind adaptive equalizers, where the error that is fed into the adaptive mechanism which updates the equalizer‘s taps can be expressed as a polynomial function of order three of the equalized output and where the gain between the input and equalized output signal is less than or equal to one, as is in the case of Godard (gain = 1) and WNEW (gain < 1) algorithm. Since the channel power is measurable or can be calculated if the channel coefficients are given, there is no need to carry out simulation with various step-size parameters in order to reach the required residual ISI. In addition, we show two new equalization methods (gain dependent), which have shown to have improved equalization performance compared to Godard and WNEW.

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Keywords: ISI distortion, residual ISI, Blind equalizer