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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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June 2015, Volume 24, Number 2 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015-2]

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L.Chua [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0319] [Download Citations]
Everything You Wish to Know About Memristors But Are Afraid to Ask

This paper classifies all memristors into three classes called Ideal, Generic, or Extended memristors. A subclass of Generic memristors is related to Ideal memristors via a one-to-one mathematical transformation, and is hence called Ideal Generic memristors. The concept of non-volatile memories is defined and clarified with illustrations. Several fundamental new concepts, including Continuum-memory memristor, POP (acronym for Power-Off Plot), DC V-I Plot, and Quasi DC V-I Plot, are rigorously defined and clarified with colorful illustrations. Among many colorful pictures the shoelace DC V-I Plot stands out as both stunning and illustrative. Even more impressive is that this bizarre shoelace plot has an exact analytical representation via 2 explicit functions of the state variable, derived by a novel parametric approach invented by the author.

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Keywords: Memristor, discrete-memory memristors, continuum-memory memristor, POP, Power-Off Plot, DC V-I Plot, Quasi DC V-I Plot, Shoelace V-I Plot, paramet¬ric approach, graphical composition, piecewise-linear (PWL) function

Z. Biolek, D. Biolek, V. Biolkova [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0369] [Download Citations]
Differential Equations of Ideal Memristors

Ideal memristor is a resistor with a memory, which adds dynamics to its behavior. The most usual characteristics describing this dynamics are the constitutive relation (i.e. the relation between flux and charge), or Parameter-vs-state- map (PSM), mostly represented by the memristance-to-charge dependence. One of the so far unheeded tools for memristor description is its differential equation (DEM), composed exclusively of instantaneous values of voltage, current, and their derivatives. The article derives a general form of DEM that holds for any ideal memristor and shows that it is always a nonlinear equation of the first order; the PSM forms are found for memristors which are governed by DEMs of the Bernoulli and the Riccati types; a classification of memristors according to the type of their dynamics with respect to voltage and current is carried out.

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  6. BIOLEK, D., BIOLEK, Z., BIOLKOVA, V., KOLKA, Z. Reliable modeling of ideal generic memristors using state variable transformation. Radioengineering, 2015, vol. 24, no. 2, p. 393–407. DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.00393
  7. DRAKAKIS, E. M., YALIRAKI, S. N., BARAHONA, M. Memristors and Bernoulli dynamics. In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and Their Applications (CNNA). Berkeley (CA, USA), 2010, p. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/CNNA.2010.5430324
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  12. STRUKOV, D. B., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol. 453, p. 80–83. DOI: 10.1038/nature06932
  13. JOGLEKAR, Y. N., WOLF, S. J. The elusive memristor: properties of basic electrical circuits. European Journal of Physics, 2009, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 661–675. DOI: 10.1088/0143- 0807/30/4/001
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Keywords: Memristor, differential equation, parameter-vs-state- map (PSM)

Z. Kolka, D. Biolek, V. Biolkova [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0378] [Download Citations]
Improved Model of TiO2 Memristor

Analysis of Pickett’s model of the HP TiO2 memristor presented in this paper reveals an ambiguity of its port equation, which may cause non-convergence, numerical errors, and non-physical solutions during time-domain simulation. As there is no easy fix of the original model a new behavioral approximation of static I-V characteristics has been proposed. The approximation matches well the original model and is unambiguous.

  1. YANG, J. J., STRUKOV, D. B., STEWART, D. R. Memristive devices for computing. Nature Nanotechnology, 2013, vol. 8, p. 13–24. ISSN: 1748-3387, DOI:10.1038/nnano.2012.240
  2. ADAMATZKY, A., CHUA, L. O. (eds.) Memristor Networks. New York (USA): Springer, 2014. ISBN 978-3-319-02630-5
  3. STRUKOV, D. B., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol. 453, p. 80–83. ISSN: 0028-0836, DOI:10.1038/nature06932
  4. DI VENTRA, M., PERSHIN, Y. V., CHUA, L. O. Circuit elements with memory: Memristors, memcapacitors, and meminductors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2009, vol. 97, no. 10, p. 1717–1724. ISSN: 0018-9219, DOI: 10.1109/ JPROC.2009.2021077
  5. CHUA, L. O. Memristor—the missing circuit element. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 507–519. ISSN: 0018-9324, DOI: 10.1109/TCT.1971.1083337
  6. BIOLEK, D., BIOLEK, Z., BIOLKOVA, V. SPICE Modeling of memristive, memcapacitative and meminductive systems. In Proc. of the European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD '09). Antalya (Turkey), 2009, p. 249–252. ISBN: 978-1- 4244-3896-9, DOI: 10.1109/ECCTD.2009.5274934
  7. JOGLEKAR, Y. N., WOLF, S. J. The elusive memristor: properties of basic electrical circuits. European Journal of Physics, 2009, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 661–675. DOI: 10.1088/0143- 0807/30/4/001
  8. BIOLEK, Z., BIOLEK, D., BIOLKOVA, V. SPICE model of memristor with nonlinear dopant drift. Radioengineering, 2009, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 210–214. ISSN: 1210-2512 (print)
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  20. YANG, J. J., PICKETT, M. D., LI, X., OHLBERG, D. A. A., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices. Nature Nanotechnology, 2008, vol. 3, p. 429–433. ISSN: 1748-3387, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.160

Keywords: TiO2 memristor, Port Equation, State Equation, Pickett’s model, simulation

A. Ascoli, R. Tetzlaff, L. Chua [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0384] [Download Citations]
Robust Simulation of a TaO Memristor Model

This work presents a continuous and differentiable approximation of a Tantalum oxide memristor model which is suited for robust numerical simulations in software. The original model was recently developed at Hewlett Packard labs on the basis of experiments carried out on a memristor manufactured in house. The Hewlett Packard model of the nano-scale device is accurate and may be taken as reference for a deep investigation of the capabilities of the memristor based on Tantalum oxide. However, the model contains discontinuous and piecewise differentiable functions respectively in state equation and Ohm's based law. Numerical integration of the differential algebraic equation set may be significantly facilitated under substitution of these functions with appropriate continuous and differentiable approximations. A detailed investigation of classes of possible continuous and differentiable kernels for the approximation of the discontinuous and piecewise differentiable functions in the original model led to the choice of near optimal candidates. The resulting continuous and differentiable DAE set captures accurately the dynamics of the original model, delivers well-behaved numerical solutions in software, and may be integrated into a commercially-available circuit simulator.

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  4. STRUKOV, D. B., SNIDER, G. S., STEWART, D. R., WILLIAMS, R. S. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, vol. 453, p. 80–83. DOI: 10.1038/nature06932
  5. ADHIKARI, S. P., SAH, M. P., KIM, H., CHUA, L. O. Three fingerprints of memristor. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, 2013, vol. 60, no. 11, p. 3008–3021. DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2013.2256171
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Keywords: TaO memristor modeling, numerical techniques, circuit implementation

D. Biolek, Z. Biolek, V. Biolkova, Z. Kolka [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0393] [Download Citations]
Reliable Modeling of Ideal Generic Memristors via State-Space Transformation

The paper refers to problems of modeling and computer simulation of generic memristors caused by the so-called window functions, namely the stick effect, nonconvergence, and finding fundamentally incorrect solutions. A profoundly different modeling approach is proposed, which is mathematically equivalent to window-based modeling. However, due to its numerical stability, it definitely smoothes the above problems away.

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Keywords: Constitutive relation, memductance, memristance, memristor

M.Potrebic, D. Tosic [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0408] [Download Citations]
Application of Memristors in Microwave Passive Circuits

The recent implementation of the fourth fundamental electric circuit element, the memristor, opened new vistas in many fields of engineering applications. In this paper, we explore several RF/microwave passive circuits that might benefit from the memristor salient characteristics. We consider a power divider, coupled resonator bandpass filters, and a low-reflection quasi-Gaussian lowpass filter with lossy elements. We utilize memristors as configurable linear resistors and we propose memristor-based bandpass filters that feature suppression of parasitic frequency pass bands and widening of the desired rejection band. The simulations are performed in the time domain, using LTspice, and the RF/microwave circuits under consideration are modeled by ideal elements available in LTspice.

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Keywords: Memristor, Microwave passive circuit, Filter

R. Picos, J.B. Roldan, M.M. Al Chawa, P. Garcia-Fernandez, F. Jimenez-Molinos, E. Garcia-Moreno [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0420] [Download Citations]
Semiempirical Modeling of Reset Transitions in Unipolar Resistive-Switching based Memristors

We have measured the transition process from the high to low resistivity states, i.e., the reset process of resistive switching based memristors based on Ni/HfO2/Si-n+ structures, and have also developed an analytical model for their electrical characteristics. When the characteristic curves are plotted in the current-voltage (I-V) domain a high variability is observed. In spite of that, when the same curves are plotted in the charge-flux domain (Q-phi), they can be described by a simple model containing only three parameters: the charge (Qrst) and the flux (rst) at the reset point, and an exponent, n, relating the charge and the flux before the reset transition. The three parameters can be easily extracted from the Q-phi plots. There is a strong correlation between these three parameters, the origin of which is still under study.

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Keywords: RRAM, memristor modeling, reset voltage (Vrst) determination, variability.

O. Bass, A. Fish, D. Naveh [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0425] [Download Citations]
A Memristor as Multi-Bit Memory: Feasibility Analysis

The use of emerging memristor materials for advanced electrical devices such as multi-valued logic is expected to outperform today's binary logic digital technologies. We show here an example for such non-binary device with the design of a multi-bit memory. While conventional memory cells can store only 1 bit, memristors-based multi-bit cells can store more information within single device thus increasing the information storage density. Such devices can potentially utilize the non-linear resistance of memristor materials for efficient information storage. We analyze the performance of such memory devices based on their expected variations in order to determine the viability of memristor-based multi-bit memory. A design of read/write scheme and a simple model for this cell, lay grounds for full integration of memristor multi-bit memory cell.

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Keywords: Memristor, multi-bit memory, noise margin

S.S. Ali, D. Castanheira, A. Silva, A. Gameiro [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0431] [Download Citations]
Transmission Cooperative Strategies for MIMO-OFDM Heterogeneous Networks

Mobile traffic in cellular networks is increasing exponentially, mainly due to the use of data intensive services like video. One way to cope with these demands is to reduce the cell-size by deploying small-cells along the coverage area of the current macro-cell system. The deployment of small-cells significantly improves indoor coverage. Nevertheless, as additional spectrum licenses are difficult and expensive to acquire it is expected that the macro and small-cells will coexist under the same spectrum. The coexistence of the two systems results in cross-tier/inter-system interference. In this context, we design several interference alignment based techniques for the downlink of heterogeneous networks, in order to cancel the interference generated from macro-cell at small-cell user terminals. More specifically, in this contribution we design interference alignment methods under different levels of inter-system coordination and the constraint that the performance of macro-cell system is kept close to the case where small-cell system is switched-off. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods achieve close to the optimal performance with low overhead.

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Keywords: Interference alignment, space-frequency block codes, heterogeneous networks, small-cells, MIMO-OFDM, downlink.

V. Prajzler, P. Nekvindova, P. Hyps, V. Jerabek [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0442] [Download Citations]
Properties of the Optical Planar Polymer Waveguides Deposited on Printed Circuit Boards

This paper reports on a technology for realization of an optical planar waveguide layer on duroid substrate and on FR4 fiber reinforced board material printed circuit boards. Waveguide core material was EpoCore polymer and for claddings we used EpoClad polymer. Design of the presented planar waveguides was realized on the bases of modified dispersion equation and was schemed for 633 nm, 964 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelength. Waveguiding properties were measured by dark mode spectroscopy while propagation optical loss measurement was done by the fiber probe technique at wavelegnth 633 nm (He-Ne laser). The samples had optical losses lower than 0.5 dB/cm. The best sample has optical losses around 0.25 dB/cm.

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Keywords: Optical polymer waveguide, planar waveguides, printed circuit boards

X. L. Liu, X. L. Yang, F. L. Kong [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0449] [Download Citations]
A Frequency-Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna with Switchable Stubbed Ground Structure

A frequency-reconfigurable coplanar-waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antenna using switchable stubbed ground structure is presented. Four PIN diodes are employed in the stubs stretching from the ground to make the antenna reconfigurable in three operating modes: a single-band mode (2.4-2.9 GHz), a dual-band mode (2.4-2.9 GHz/5.09-5.47 GHz) and a triple-band mode (3.7-4.26 GHz/5.3-6.3 GHz/8.0-8.8 GHz). The monopole antenna is resonating at 2.4 GHz, while the stubs produce other operating frequency bands covering a number of wireless communication systems, including WLAN, WiMAX, C-band, and ITU. Furthermore, an optimized biasing network has been integrated into this antenna, which has little influence on the performance of the antenna. This paper presents, compares and discusses the simulated and measured results.

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Keywords: Reconfigurable antenna, stubbed ground structure, bias network

A. Chatterjee, S. K. Parui [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0455] [Download Citations]
Gain Enhancement of a Wide Slot Antenna Using a Second-Order Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface

Gain enhancement of a wide slot antenna over a wide frequency band using a low profile, second order bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) as a superstrate is presented in this paper. The proposed multilayered FSS with non-resonant unit cells in each layer allows in-phase transmission of waves radiated from the antenna over a 3dB bandwidth of about 50%. The design allows an enhancement of upto 4dBi in the antenna gain over the entire frequency band (5-8GHz) of operation. The FSS provides a very low insertion loss between the two transmission poles along with a linearly decreasing transmission phase over the band. The composite structure shows an impedance bandwidth (-10dB) of 65% with an average gain between 6-8dBi over the frequency band with a peak gain of 9dBi. Measurement results of the fabricated prototype matches well with the predicted values.

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Keywords: Wide slot, Frequency Selective Surface, gain, bandpass, superstrate

J. W. Zang, X. T. Wang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0462] [Download Citations]
A Compact Tri-band Printed Antenna for MIMO Applications

In this paper, a compact tri-band printed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is presented to operate within WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands. By adopting a rectangular open-ended slot combined with a rectangular strip with an inverted L-shaped open-ended slot, three operating frequency bands can be obtained. The proposed compact MIMO antenna occupies an overall size of 19×33 mm2. Good port-to-port isolation is obtained. The simulated and measured results show that the presented antenna is suitable for multiband MIMO applications.

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  11. KARIMIAN, R., ORAIZI, H., FAKHTE, S., FARAHANI, M. Novel F-shaped quad-band printed slot antenna for WLAN and WiMAX MIMO systems. IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2013, vol. 12, p. 405–408. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2013.2252140
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Keywords: Compact, MIMO antenna, printed antenna, tri-band antenna.

S. Ejaz, FengFan Yang, HongJun Xu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0470] [Download Citations]
Labeling Diversity for 2x2 WLAN Coded-Cooperative Networks

Labelling diversity is an efficient technique recently proposed in the literature and aims to improve the bit error rate(BER) performance of wireless local area network (WLAN) systems with two transmit and two receive antennas without increasing the transmit power and bandwidth requirements. In this paper, we employ labelling diversity with different space-time channel codes such as convolutional, turbo and low density parity check (LDPC) for both point-to-point and coded-cooperative communication scenarios. Joint iterative decoding schemes for distributed turbo and LDPC codes are also presented. BER performance bounds at an error floor (EF) region are derived and verified with the help of numerical simulations for both cooperative and non-cooperative schemes. Numerical simulations show that the coded-cooperative schemes with labelling diversity achieve better BER performances and use of labelling diversity at the source node significantly lowers relay outage probability and hence the overall BER performance of the coded-cooperative scheme is improved manifolds.

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Keywords: Coded-cooperative diversity, labelling diversity, MIMO, WLAN

Tamer H. M. Soliman, Fengfan Yang, S. Ejaz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0481] [Download Citations]
Interleaving Gains for Receive Diversity Schemes of Distributed Turbo Codes in Wireless Half–Duplex Relay Channels

This paper proposes the interleaving gain in two different distributed turbo-coding schemes: Distributed Turbo Codes (DTC) and Distributed Multiple Turbo Codes (DMTC) for half-duplex relay system as an extension of our previous work on turbo coding interleaver design for direct communication channel. For these schemes with half-duplex constraint, the source node transmits its information with the parity bit sequence(s) to both the relay and the destination nodes during the first phase. The relay received the data from the source and process it by using decode and forward protocol. For the second transmission period, the decoded systematic data at relay is interleaved and re-encoded by a Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) encoder and forwarded to the destination. At destination node, the signals received from the source and relay are processed by using turbo log-MAP iterative decoding for retrieving the original information bits. We demonstrate via simulations that the interleaving gain has a large effect with DTC scheme when we use only one RSC encoder at both the source and relay with best performance when using Modified Matched S-Random (MMSR) interleaver. Furthermore, by designing a Chaotic Pseudo Random Interleaver (CPRI) as an outer interleaver at the source node instead of classical interleavers, our scheme can add more secure channel conditions.

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Keywords: Chaotic, interleaver, semi-random, turbo codes, relay channel

G. Khomami, P. Veeraraghava, F. P. Fontan [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0489] [Download Citations]
Node Density Estimation in VANETs Using Received Signal Power

Accurately estimating node density in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, VANETs, is a challenging and crucial task. Various approaches exist, yet none takes advantage of physical layer parameters in a distributed fashion. This paper describes a framework that allows individual nodes to estimate the node density of their surrounding network independent of beacon messages and other infrastructure-based information. The proposal relies on three factors: 1) a discrete event simulator to estimate the average number of nodes transmitting simultaneously; 2) a realistic channel model for VANETs environment; and 3) a node density estimation technique. This work provides every vehicle on the road with two equations indicating the relation between 1) received signal strength versus simultaneously transmitting nodes, and 2) simultaneously transmitting nodes versus node density. Access to these equations enables individual nodes to estimate their real-time surrounding node density. The system is designed to work for the most complicated scenarios where nodes have no information about the topology of the network and, accordingly, the results indicate that the system is reasonably reliable and accurate. The outcome of this work has various applications and can be used for any protocol that is affected by node density.

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Keywords: VANETs, node density, broadcast storm problem, safety messages, channel model, RSS

A. G. Markoc, G. Sisul [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0499] [Download Citations]
Self-optimizing Uplink Outer Loop Power Control for WCDMA Network

The increasing demands for high data rates, drives the efforts for more efficient usage of the finite natural radio spectrum resources. Existing wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) uplink outer loop power control has difficulty to answer to the new load on air interface. The main reason is that the maximum allowed noise rise per single user is fixed value. In worst case uplink load can be so high that all services, including conversational service, could be blocked. In this paper investigation has been performed to present correlation of main system parameters, used by uplink outer loop power control, to uplink load. Simulation has been created and executed to present difference in current implementation of uplink outer loop power control against proposed changes. Proposed solution is self-optimizing uplink outer loop power control in a way that maximum allowed noise rise per single user would be dynamically changed based on current uplink load on cell.

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Keywords: WCDMA, outer loop power control, uplink received signal strength indicator (UL RSSI), maximum allowed signal to interference ratio (sirMax), transmission target error (TTE)

C. Du, H. Quan, P. Cui, W. Liang, P. Zhou, J. Dou [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0507] [Download Citations]
Carrier Sense Random Packet CDMA Protocol in Dual-Channel Networks

Code resource wastage is caused by the reason that many hopping frequency (FH) sequences are unused, which occurs under the condition that the number of the actual subnets needed for the tactical network is far smaller than the networking capacity of code division net¬working. Dual-channel network (DCN), consisting of one single control channel and multiple data channels, can solve the code resource wastage effectively. To improve the anti-jamming capability of the control channel of DCN, code division multiple access (CDMA) technology was introduced, and a carrier sense random packet (CSRP) CDMA protocol based on random packet CDMA (RP-CDMA) was proposed. In CSRP-CDMA, we provide a carrier sensing random packet mechanism and a packet-segment acknowledgement policy. Furthermore, an analytical model was developed to evaluate the performance of CSRP-CDMA networks. In this model, the impacts of multi-access interference from both inter-clusters and intra-clusters were analyzed, and the mathematical expressions of packet transmission success probability, normalized network throughput and signal interference to noise ratio, were also derived. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the normalized network throughput of CSRP-CDMA outperforms traditional RP-CDMA by 10%, which can guarantee the resource utilization efficiency of the control channel in DCNs.

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Keywords: Spread-spectrum ad hoc network, full-connected cluster, random packet-code division multiple access, multi-access interference, multiuser detector, Poisson distribution

Wei Wang, Dong Liang, Zhihua Wang, Haiyang Yu, Qi Liu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0518] [Download Citations]
Design and Implementation of a FPGA and DSP Based MIMO Radar Imaging System

The work presented in this paper is aimed at the implementation of a real-time multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) imaging radar used for area surveillance. In this radar, the equivalent virtual array method and time-division technique are applied to make 16 virtual elements synthesized from the MIMO antenna array. The chirp signal generater is based on a combination of direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and phase locked loop (PLL). A signal conditioning circuit is used to deal with the coupling effect within the array. The signal processing platform is based on an efficient field programmable gates array (FPGA) and digital signal processor (DSP) pipeline where a robust beamforming imaging algorithm is running on. The radar system was evaluated through a real field experiment. Imaging capability and real-time performance shown in the results demonstrate the practical feasibility of the implementation.

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Keywords: Radar imaging, MIMO radar, real-time system, FPGA, DSP

N. Seman, S. N. A. Mohamed Ghazali [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0527] [Download Citations]
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulator Design using Multi-Port Network in Multilayer Microstrip-Slot Technology for Wireless Communication Applications

The design of the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulator by using a multi-port network is proposed in this article for the use in wireless communication applications. The multi-port network is in the form of multilayer microstrip-slot technology. This multi-port network is composed of three 3-dB rectangular-shaped directional couplers with virtual stubs and an equal power division divider with in-phase characteristic. The design is performed by applying a full-wave electromagnetic simulation software, CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS). Keysight’s Advanced Design System (ADS) is applied in analyzing and evaluating the QPSK constellation of the proposed modulator. This comparatively small size of proposed design has been fabricated, and its wideband performance of 2 to 6 GHz is verified.

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Keywords: Coupler, modulator, multi-port, power divider, QPSK, wireless

Y. A. Li [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0535] [Download Citations]
Systematic Derivation for Quadrature Oscillators Using CCCCTAs

According to 16 nullor-mirror models of the current-controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCCCTA) and using nodal admittance matrix (NAM) expansion method, three different classes of the double-mode quadrature oscillators employed CCCCTAs and two grounded capacitors are synthesized. The class I oscillators have 32 different forms, the class II oscillators have 16 different forms, and the class III oscillators have four different forms. In all, 52 quadrature oscillators using CCCCTAs are obtained. Having used canonic number of components, the circuits are easy to be integrated and the condition for oscillation and the frequency of oscillation can be tuned by tuning bias currents of the CCCCTAs. The circuit analysis and simulation results have been included to support the generation method.

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Keywords: Quadrature oscillator, CCCCTA, systematic synthesis, nodal admittance matrix expansion.

W. Zhao, Y. M. Wei, Y. H. Shen, Y. F. Cao, Z. G. Yuan, P. C. Xu and W. Jian [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0544] [Download Citations]
An Efficient Algorithm by Kurtosis Maximization in Reference-Based Framework

This paper deals with the optimization of kurtosis for complex-valued signals in the independent component analysis (ICA) framework, where source signals are linearly and instantaneously mixed. Inspired by the recently proposed reference-based contrast schemes, a similar contrast function is put forward, based on which a new fast fixed-point (FastICA) algorithm is proposed. The new optimization method is similar in spirit to the former classical kurtosis-based FastICA algorithm but differs in the fact that it is much more efficient than the latter in terms of computational speed, which is significantly striking with large number of samples. The performance of this new algorithm is confirmed through computer simulations.

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Keywords: Blind source separation, independent component analysis, kurtosis, reference-based contrast functions, fastICA, complex-valued signals

Yujian Pan, Ning Tai, Naichang Yuan [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0552] [Download Citations]
Wideband DOA Estimation via Sparse Bayesian Learning over a Khatri-Rao Dictionary

This paper deals with the wideband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation by exploiting the multiple measurement vectors (MMV) based sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework. First, the array covariance matrices at different frequency bins are focused to the reference frequency by the conventional focusing technique and then transformed into the vector form. Then a matrix called the Khatri-Rao dictionary is constructed by using the Khatri-Rao product and the multiple focused array covariance vectors are set as the new observations. DOA estimation is to find the sparsest representations of the new observations over the Khatri-Rao dictionary via SBL. The performance of the proposed method is compared with other well-known focusing based wideband algorithms and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The results show that it achieves higher resolution and accuracy and can reach the CRLB under relative demanding conditions. Moreover, the method imposes no restriction on the pattern of signal power spectral density and due to the increased number of rows of the dictionary, it can resolve more sources than sensors.

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Keywords: Array covariance vector, direction-of-arrival estimation, focusing technique, sparse Bayesian learning, wideband source

M.S.Shbat, V.P.Tuzlukov [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0558] [Download Citations]
Generalized detector as a spectrum sensor in cognitive radio networks

The implementation of the generalized detector (GD) in cognitive radio (CR) systems allows us to improve the spectrum sensing performance in comparison with employment of the conventional detectors. We analyze the spectrum sensing performance for the uncorrelated and spatially correlated receive antenna array elements. Addi¬tionally, we consider a practical case when the noise power at the output of GD linear systems (the preliminary and additional filters) is differed by value. The choice of the optimal GD threshold based on the minimum total error rate criterion is also discussed. Simulation results demonstrate superiority of GD implementation in CR sys¬tem as spectrum sensor in comparison with the energy detector (ED), weighted ED (WED), maximum-minimum eigenvalue (MME) detector, and generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector

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Keywords: Cognitive radio (CR), spectrum sensing, generalized detector (GD), energy detector (ED), probability of false alarm.

Xiansheng Guo, Lei Chu, Baocang Li [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0572] [Download Citations]
Robust Adaptive LCMV Beamformer Based On An Iterative Suboptimal Solution

The main drawback of closed-form solution of linearly constrained minimum variance (CF-LCMV) beamformer is the dilemma of acquiring long observation time for stable covariance matrix estimates and short observation time to track dynamic behavior of targets, leading to poor performance including low signal-noise-ratio (SNR), low jammer-to-noise ratios (JNRs) and small number of snapshots. Additionally, CF-LCMV suffers from heavy computational burden which mainly comes from two matrix inverse operations for computing the optimal weight vector. In this paper, we derive a low-complexity Robust Adaptive LCMV beamformer based on an Iterative Suboptimal solution (RAIS-LCMV) using conjugate gradient (CG) optimization method. The merit of our proposed method is threefold. Firstly, RAIS-LCMV beamformer can reduce the complexity of CF-LCMV remarkably. Secondly, RAIS-LCMV beamformer can adjust output adaptively based on measurement and its convergence speed is comparable. Finally, RAIS-LCMV algorithm has robust performance against low SNR, JNRs, and small number of snapshots. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed algorithms.

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Keywords: Robust adaptive beamformer, LCMV, iterative suboptimal solution, computational analysis

H. Khaddour, J. Schimmel, F. Rund [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0583] [Download Citations]
A Novel Combined System of Direction Estimation and Sound Zooming of Multiple Speakers

This article presents a new system for estimation the direction of multiple speakers and zooming the sound of one of them at a time. The proposed system is a combination of two levels; namely, sound source direction estimation, and acoustic zooming. The sound source direction estimation uses so-called the energetic analysis method for estimation the direction of multiple speakers, whereas the acoustic zooming is based on modifying the parameters of the directional audio coding (DirAC) in order to zoom the sound of a selected speaker among the others. Both listening tests and objective assessments are performed to evaluate this system using different time-frequency transforms.

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Keywords: Acoustical zooming, spatial sound, vector base amplitude panning, sound source localization, energetic analysis method, directional audio coding

Y. Leng, C. L. Sun, C. F. Cheng, X. Y. Xu, S. Li, H. L. Wan, J. Fang, D. W. Li [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0593] [Download Citations]
Classification of Overlapped Audio Events Based on AT, PLSA, and the Combination of Them

Audio event classification, as an important part of Computational Auditory Scene Analysis, has attracted much attention. Currently, the classification technology is mature enough to classify isolated audio events accurately, but for overlapped audio events, it performs much worse. While in real life, most audio documents would have certain percentage of overlaps, and so the overlap classification problem is an important part of audio classification. Nowadays, the work on overlapped audio event classification is still scarce, and most existing overlap classification systems can only recognize one audio event for an overlap. In this paper, in order to deal with overlaps, we innovatively introduce the author-topic (AT) model which was first proposed for text analysis into audio classification, and innovatively combine it with PLSA (Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis). We propose 4 systems, i.e. AT, PLSA, AT-PLSA and PLSA-AT, to classify overlaps. The 4 proposed systems have the ability to recognize two or more audio events for an overlap. The experimental results show that the 4 systems perform well in classifying overlapped audio events, whether it is the overlap in training set or the overlap out of training set. Also they perform well in classifying isolated audio events.

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Keywords: Audio event classification, author-topic model, PLSA, overlapped audio event, isolated audio event

M. Stanek, M. Sigmund [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0604] [Download Citations]
Finding the Most Uniform Changes in Vowel Polygon Caused by Psychological Stress

Using vowel polygons, exactly their parameters, is chosen as the criterion for achievement of differences between normal state of speaker and relevant speech under real psychological stress. All results were experimentally obtained by created software for vowel polygon analysis applied on ExamStress database. Selected 6 methods based on cross-correlation of different features were classified by the coefficient of variation and for each individual vowel polygon, the efficiency coefficient marking the most significant and uniform differences between stressed and normal speech were calculated. As the best method for observing generated differences resulted method considered mean of cross correlation values received for difference area value with vector length and angle parameter couples. Generally, best results for stress detection are achieved by vowel triangles created by /i/-/o/-/u/ and /a/-/i/-/o/ vowel triangles in formant planes containing the fifth formant F5 combined with other formants.

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Keywords: Speech processing, emotion recognition, psychological stress, vowel polygons

L. Bolecek, V. Ricny [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0610] [Download Citations]
Influence of Stereoscopic Camera System Alignment Error on the Accuracy of 3D Reconstruction

The article deals with the influence of inaccurate rotation of cameras in camera system alignment on 3D reconstruction accuracy. The accuracy of the all three spatial coordinates is analyzed for two alignments (setups) of 3D cameras. In the first setup, a 3D system with parallel optical axes of the cameras is analyzed. In this stereoscopic setup, the deterministic relations are derived by the trigonometry and basic stereoscopic formulas. The second alignment is a generalized setup with cameras in arbitrary positions. The analysis of the situation in the general setup is closely related with the influence of errors of the points' correspondences. Therefore the relation between errors of points' correspondences and reconstruction of the spatial position of the point was investigated. This issue is very complex. The worst case analysis was executed with the use of Monte Carlo method. The aim is to estimate a critical situation and the possible extent of these errors. Analysis of the generalized system and derived relations for normal system represent a significant improvement of the spatial coordinates accuracy analysis. A practical experiment was executed which confirmed the proposed relations.

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Keywords: Camera alignment, 3D reconstruction accuracy, corresponding points

G. Wilsenach, A. K. Mishra [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0621] [Download Citations]
Wavelet-Based Compressive Sensing for Point Scatterers

Compressive Sensing (CS) allows for the sam-pling of signals at well below the Nyquist rate but does so, usually, at the cost of the suppression of lower amplitude sig-nal components. Recent work suggests that important infor-mation essential for recognizing targets in the radar context is contained in the side-lobes as well, which are often sup-pressed by CS. In this paper we extend existing techniques and introduce new techniques both for improving the accu-racy of CS reconstructions and for improving the separa-bility of scenes reconstructed using CS. We investigate the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and show how the use of the DWT as a representation basis may improve the accu-racy of reconstruction generally. Moreover, we introduce the concept of using multiple wavelet-based reconstructions of a scene, given only a single physical observation, to derive re-constructions that surpass even the best wavelet-based CS reconstructions. Lastly, we specifically consider the effect of the wavelet-based reconstruction on classification. This is done indirectly by comparing outputs of different algo-rithms using a variety of separability measures. We show that various wavelet-based CS reconstructions are substan-tially better than conventional CS approaches at inducing (or preserving) separability, and hence may be more useful in classification applications.

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Keywords: Compressive sensing, wavelet, radar, reconstruction, sparse scenes, filtering, point scatterers

A. E. Almslmany, Q. S. Cao, C. Y. wang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0632] [Download Citations]
High Speed Dim Air Target Detection Using Airborne Radar under Clutter and Jamming Effects

The challenging potential problems associated with using airborne radar in detection of high Speed Maneuvering Dim Target (HSMDT) are the highly noise, jamming and clutter effects. The problem is not only how to remove clutter and jamming as well as the range migration and Doppler ambiguity estimation problems due to high relative speed between the targets and airborne radar. Some of the recently published works ignored the range migration problems, while the others ignored the Doppler ambiguity estimation. In this paper a new hybrid technique using Optimum Space Time Adaptive Processing (OSTAP), Second Order Keystone Transform (SOKT), and the Improved Fractional Radon Transform (IFrRT) was proposed. The OSTAP was applied as anti-jamming and clutter rejection method, the SOKT corrects the range curvature and part of the range walk, then the IFrRT estimates the target’ radial acceleration and corrects the residual range walk. The simulation demonstrates the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique, and its advantages over the previous researches by comparing its probability of detection with the traditional methods. The new approach increases the probability of detection, and also overcomes the limitation of Doppler frequency ambiguity.

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Keywords: Airborne radar, dim target detection, space time adaptive processing, jamming

S. Jeon, J. Kim, H.-K. Mok, J.-S. Seo [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0643] [Download Citations]
Formulating the Net Gain of MISO-SFN in the Presence of Self-Interferences

In this study, an analytical formula for multiple-input single-output single frequency network gain (MISO-SFNG) is investigated. To formulate the net MISO-SFNG, we derived the average signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) where the gain achieved by the distributed MISO diversity as a function of power imbalance is curve-fitted. Further, we analyzed the losses owing to self-interferences resulting from the delay spread and imperfect channel estimation. We verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the derived formula by comparing the measurement results with the analytical results. The derived formula helps to understand how various system factors affect the gain under a given condition. The formula can be used to evaluate the MISO-SFNG and to predict the MISO-SFN coverage in various system configurations.

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Keywords: Single frequency network (SFN), DVB-T2 MISO processing, power imbalance, calibrated coverage prediction

Kun Jiang, Pingbo Yan, Yuanqin Wang, Yiwen Jiao, Xin Lian, Ke Xu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2015.0650] [Download Citations]
Design and Evaluation of Digital Baseband Converter Sub-channel Delay Compensation Method on Bandwidth Synthesis

The effect of sub-channel delay on bandwidth synthesis is investigated to eliminate the “phase step” phenomenon in bandwidth synthesis during the test of CDBE (Chinese Digital Backend). Through formula derivation, we realize that sub-channel delay may cause phase discontinuity between different sub-channels. Theoretical analysis shows that sub-channel delay can induce bandwidth synthesis error in group delay measurement of the linear system. Furthermore, in the differential delay measurement between two stations, bandwidth synthesis error may occur when the LO (Local Oscillator) frequency differences of corresponding sub-channels are not identical. Error-free conditions are discussed under different applications. The phase errors among different sub-channels can be removed manually. However, the most effective way is the compensation of sub-channel delay. A sub-channel delay calculation method based on Modelsim is proposed. The compensation method is detailed. Simulation and field experiments are presented to verify our approach.

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Keywords: VLBI, bandwidth synthesis, digital baseband converter, phase step, delay compensation, sub-channel delay